2011年自考英語語法基礎材料:被動語態(tài)詳解
被動語態(tài)的句子中的主語是動作的承受者,即行為的對象。
被動語態(tài)的構成是由助動詞be加上及物動詞的過去分詞。be的人稱和數要和句中主語一致,并表現(xiàn)出時態(tài)特征。
凡是不愿或不必說出主動者時,使用被動語態(tài)。此外,在強調或突出動作對象時,常使用被動語態(tài)。
現(xiàn)以動詞tell為例,將各種人稱數和時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)列表如下:
一般現(xiàn)在時 |
I +am | |
一般過去時 |
I (He, She) + was | |
一般將來時 |
I (We) +will (shall) | |
過去將來時 |
I (We) + should | |
現(xiàn)在完成時 |
I (We, You, They) + have | |
過去完成時 |
I (You, He, She, | |
現(xiàn)在進行時 |
I +am | |
過去進行時 |
I (He, She) + was |
1.用法
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時
A statement of owners' equity is frequently prepared to accompany the balance sheet and income statement. 通常編寫所有者權益表隨同資產負債表和收益表。轉自環(huán) 球 網 校edu24ol.com
All our shoes are made by hand. 我廠出品的鞋都是手工制造的。
The article is retailed at a higher price than when it was bought wholesale. 物品的零售價高于購進時的批發(fā)價。
(2)一般過去時
She was praised for her economical management of the budget. 她因對預算的管理有方而被表揚。
An urgent telephone call was made to the company's treasure. 公司財務收到一個緊急電話。
(3)一般將來時
Your will be introduced to the office building. 將向您介紹辦公大樓。
Will storekeepers be prosecuted for raising prices without government permission? 店主會不會因未得到政府許可提價而被起訴?
(4)過去將來時
She told me that her father would be taken to hospital the next morning. 她告訴我第二天早晨她的父親將被送到醫(yī)院去。
(5)現(xiàn)在完成時
These trade terms have been developed by mercantile custom and standardized to a certain extent. 這些貿易條款是在商業(yè)慣例中形成并在一定程度上標準化了的。
The consumers should unlearn the propoganda with which they have been fed by the advertizers. 消費者應當摒棄廣告商所作的廣泛的宣傳。
(6)過去完成時
They told him that the meeting had been cancelled. 他們告訴他會議已被取消。
(7)現(xiàn)在進行時
In some developed countries, children are being taught by computers. 在一些發(fā)達國家,孩子們的課程是用計算機講授的。
Computers are being used to predict the weather. 計算機正被用來預測天氣。
(8)過去進行時
The conversation was being recorded. 那時在對那次談話進行錄音。轉自環(huán) 球 網 校edu24ol.com
The street was being widened. 街道那時在加寬。
The problem was being studied. 那時在研究這個問題。
(9)有兩個賓語的主動結構變被動結構
We allowed them a commission of 5 per cent. 我們給他們5%的手續(xù)費。
① They were allowed a commission of 5 per cent.
?、?A commission of 5 per cent was allowed them by us.
We shall give Mr. John a warm welcome. 我們將熱烈歡迎約翰先生。
?、?Mr. John will be given a warm welcome.
② A warm welcome will be given to Mr. John.
(10)動詞不定式的被動結構
A new study plan (work plan) has to be made. 必須制定一個新的學習計劃(工作計劃)。
He will have to be tried for murder. 他因犯殺人罪將要受到審判。
The project is (going) to be completed in October. 這項工程將在十月份完工。
2.在英語中,被動語態(tài)用于下列場合:
(1)當我們不知道或者沒有必要說明誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時(這時都不用由by引起的短語)
My watch has been stolen. 我的表已被偷了。(不知道誰偷的)
On Saturday night, on her way home from work, she was robbed. 星期六晚上,在下班回家的路上,她被搶了。
(2)當我們要強調動作的承受者時
Qu Yuan is also remembered on this day. 也在這一天紀念屈原。
He will never be forgotten. 永遠不會忘記他。
(3)當出于禮貌,措詞等方面的考慮不愿說出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時,例如:
You are requested to give a performance. 請你表演一個節(jié)目。
3.主動句表示被動含義
(1)及物動詞need, want, require, deserve, bear等之后用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。
This issue requires dealing with great care. 該問題需仔細研究。
The new instruments want very careful handling. 這些新儀器必須輕拿輕放。
(2)動詞find+名詞含有被動意義,這時主語多為非生物。如:
Electronics finds its application in navigation. 電子學在航海上得到應用。
(3)在有些性質形容詞后用動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。如:
Atom is too small to see. 原子小得看不見。
The question is easy to answer. 這個問題很容易回答。
(4)在形容詞worth之后,用動名詞的主動形式表示被動意義。如:
This book is worth reading. 這本書值得一讀。
Three points are worth quoting for our purpose. 就我們的目的而言,有三點值得引證。
(5) get+過去分詞表示被動意義。如:
This question got talked about a little. 該問題曾略加議論過。
(6)有些介詞短語作表語或定語時,表示被動意義。如:
The question is under discussion. 問題正在討論。
The phenomenon under study is very interesting. 在研究中的現(xiàn)象十分有趣。
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