2012年自考英語(一)應(yīng)試復(fù)習(xí)資料第六章

　　本課簡介$lesson$

　　在Families這篇課文中，作者首先告訴我們對(duì)于不同的人來說“家庭”有不同的含義，但是家庭意味著某種歸屬這一點(diǎn)是所有人的共識(shí)。作者還對(duì)核心家庭和大家庭的演變進(jìn)行了分析，從中我們更可以看出家庭成員在家庭中的角色和作用的變化。

　　本課語言點(diǎn)

　　1…a group of people related by blood or marriage， …

　　句子中的by常可與某些名詞連用，在名詞前面不加定冠詞the，意思相當(dāng)于“with regard to”，“according to”。請(qǐng)看下面的例句：

　　1) He is an Englishman by birth(他祖籍英國。)轉(zhuǎn)自環(huán) 球 網(wǎng) 校edu24ol.com

　　2) He is a teacher by profession(他以醫(yī)生為職業(yè)。)

　　relate是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，在句子中的意思是“使聯(lián)系”

　　relate還可解釋為敘述;有關(guān)，涉及;相處得好

　　related可以做形容詞用，意思是“有聯(lián)系的，相關(guān)的?！?/P>

　　2…all those people descended from a common ancestor， …所有來自同一祖先的人們。

　　“descended from a common ancestor”是一個(gè)省略了that的定語從句，修飾people.descended from的意思是“傳下，遺傳”

　　descend to 的意思是“屈尊，降低;轉(zhuǎn)而說到”

　　common是一個(gè)形容詞，意思是“共有的，共同的;普通的”

　　3Some people thank of a family as a mother， a father， and their children， …

　　think of …as …是一個(gè)很常用的詞組，意思是“把…看作…”，如：

　　與think of…as…意思相近的詞組在英語中還有很多。如：

　　regard…as　　look upon…as…

　　see…as…　　view…as…

　　consider…as…

　　4For others， having a family simply means having children.

　　本句中，having a family做主語，mean為謂語動(dòng)詞，having children 做賓語。mean在句中的意思是“意味著”。當(dāng)mean作“意味著”解釋時(shí)，在它的后面應(yīng)該跟名詞或者動(dòng)名詞

　　當(dāng)mean作“意欲，打算”解釋時(shí)，在它的后面通常跟不定式轉(zhuǎn)自環(huán) 球 網(wǎng) 校edu24ol.com

　　5Some families have long histories， while others know very little about their ancestors.

　　請(qǐng)注意while的用法，在本句中while是一個(gè)表示轉(zhuǎn)折意味的連詞，意思是“然而”。

　　6No matter if it is young or old， large or small traditional or modern， every family has a sense of what a family is.

　　no matter if 連接讓步狀語從句，更常見的是用no matter whether.除了no matter whether以外，no matter wh-引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句還有：no matter what， no matter who， no matter whose， no matter which， no matter when， no matter where， no matter how等等。而用wh-ever引導(dǎo)讓步從句也是十分常見的。請(qǐng)看下面的例句：

　　1) No matter what happens， please let me know(無論發(fā)生什么事，請(qǐng)讓我知道。)

　　2) No matter who telephones， tell him I'm out(無論誰來電話，告訴他我出去了。)

　　3) No matter how hard I tried， I couldn't succeed(無論我多努力，我總不能成功。)

　　4) No matter whether you believe it or not， it's truth(無論你信不信，那總是事實(shí)。)

　　5) No matter where you go， I will follow you(無論你去哪里，我都跟著你。)

　　6) No matter which book you like you can have it(無論你喜歡哪本書，你都可以拿去。)

　　7) No matter whose money it is， we can't spend it so carelessly(無論是誰的錢，我們都不能這樣隨意地花)

　　上述某些句子可以用wh-ever表述如下：

　　1) Whatever happens， please let me know.

　　2) Whoever telephones， tell him I'm out.

　　3) However hard I tried， I couldn't succeed.

　　4) Wherever you go， I will follow you.

　　5) Whichever book you like， you can have it.

　　7It is that feeling of belonging， of love and security that comes from living together， helping and sharing.

　　本句中的it代指課文前一句中的a sense of what a family isfeeling of belonging 意思為“歸屬感”。

　　security 是一個(gè)名詞，意思是“安全”。

　　that comes from living together， helping and sharing 是定語從句，修飾that feeling of belonging， of love and security.

　　8However， with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society， many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work.

　　本句中的however是一個(gè)表示轉(zhuǎn)折意味的副詞，有承接上文的作用，可以使這個(gè)句子和前面的句子連接得更緊密，有些接近連詞。

　　句中的with是一個(gè)介詞，意思是“隨著”

　　句子中的in order to find work做目的狀語，除了用in order to 以外，還可以用so as to，也可以把in order，so as省去，只用不定式

　　9Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes

　　句子中的therefore是一個(gè)副詞，通常用來表示后面將要表述的內(nèi)容是前面已經(jīng)表述的內(nèi)容的結(jié)果，也可以用來引導(dǎo)一個(gè)結(jié)論。類似的表達(dá)還有：so，consequently，as a result 等等

　　as the society industrializes隨著社會(huì)的工業(yè)化。as是一個(gè)連詞，表示“當(dāng)…時(shí)”。

　　本課中還有：

　　1)The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children.

　　2)As social scientists study these two new family forms， they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age.

　　10social scientists now talk of two new family forms…

　　本句中的talk是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞，在表達(dá)“談?wù)撃橙?某事)”時(shí)，talk后面應(yīng)該用介詞of或者about.

　　Text B The Changing American Family

　　短語表達(dá)

　　1all over

　　2provide for

　　They are trying to provide some guidance for the newcomers.

　　3be expected to

　　You are expected to be here before eight.

　　4take care of

　　The cat and the dog were taken good care of.

　　5on the other hand

　　6be considered to be

　　He is considered to be the best candidate for the job.

　　7in addition (to)

　　In addition， there are some magazines on the table.

　　In addition to bread， we had some milk and eggs for breakfast.

　　8make decision

　　9help with

　　At weekends I often help my mother with the housework.

　　10in contrast

　　11give up

　　12get ready for

　　13be busy doing

　　14in conclusion

　　15instead of

　　本課主要語法：被動(dòng)語態(tài)

　　英語動(dòng)詞有主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)兩種，當(dāng)主語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者，動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語態(tài);當(dāng)主語時(shí)動(dòng)作的承受者，動(dòng)詞要用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

　　1. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：

　　被動(dòng)語態(tài)由“be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。

　　如：I clean the window.(主動(dòng))

　　The window is cleaned by me.(被動(dòng))

　　根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)的不同，被動(dòng)語態(tài)中的be動(dòng)詞可以有各種變化：

　　時(shí)態(tài) 主動(dòng)句 被動(dòng)句 be 的變化

　　一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) He cleans the window. The window is cleaned by him. is

　　一般過去時(shí) He cleaned the window. The window was cleaned by him. was

　　一般將來時(shí) He will clean the window. The window will be cleaned by him. will be

　　現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) He is cleaning the window. The window is being cleaned by him. is being

　　過去進(jìn)行時(shí) He was cleaning the window. The window was being cleaned by him. was being

　　現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) He has cleaned the window. The window has been cleaned by him. has been

　　過去完成時(shí) He had cleaned the window. The window had been cleaned by him. had been

　　將來完成時(shí) He will have cleaned the window. The window will have been cleaned by him. will have been

　　進(jìn)行時(shí)較少用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

　　2.一些特殊形式被動(dòng)語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：

　　1)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，有以下幾種情況：

　　a).表示喜歡、希望、想要及與其相似意義的動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式，由不定式的被動(dòng)式構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：He wants someone to take photographs. 他想找個(gè)人來照些相。(主動(dòng))

　　He wants photographs to be taken. 他想找個(gè)人來照些相。(被動(dòng))

　　b) 表示命令、請(qǐng)求、勸告、邀請(qǐng)的動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+不定式，可以用主要?jiǎng)釉~的被動(dòng)式構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如：He invited me to go.他邀請(qǐng)我去。(主動(dòng))

　　I was invited to go.我被邀請(qǐng)去。(被動(dòng))

　　但是，如果是advise/beg/order/recommend/urge+間接賓語+不定式+賓語的結(jié)構(gòu)，則可以用兩種被動(dòng)語態(tài)。一種是如上述將主要?jiǎng)釉~變成被動(dòng)語態(tài)?；蛘哂谩癮dvise等動(dòng)詞+that…should+被動(dòng)式” 構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)

　　如：He urged the Council to reduce the rates.他敦請(qǐng)市議會(huì)減輕捐稅。(主動(dòng))

　　The Council was urged to reduce the rates.市議會(huì)被敦請(qǐng)減輕捐稅。(被動(dòng))

　　He urged that the rates should be reduced.他敦請(qǐng)市議會(huì)減輕捐稅。(被動(dòng))

　　在句子中，動(dòng)詞后面直接是不定式作賓語，沒有間接賓語，所以被動(dòng)語態(tài)只有一種形式，即用that …should結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

　　He decided to sell the house.他決定把房子賣了。(主動(dòng))

　　He decided that the house should be sold.他決定，房子必須得賣掉。(被動(dòng))

　　2)動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：

　　如是advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest+動(dòng)名詞+賓語結(jié)構(gòu)，通常用that…should結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

　　如：He recommended using bullet-proof glass.他建議用防彈玻璃。(主動(dòng))

　　He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used.他建議應(yīng)該使用防彈玻璃。(被動(dòng))

　　其它動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)由動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式來表示：

　　如： I remember them taking me to the Zoo.我記得他們?cè)?jīng)帶我去過動(dòng)物園。(主動(dòng))

　　I remember being taken to the Zoo.我記的被帶到動(dòng)物園去過。(被動(dòng))

　　3)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：

　　含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞。

　　如：You must shut these doors.你必須把這些門關(guān)上。(主動(dòng))

　　These doors must be shut.這些門必須關(guān)上。(被動(dòng))

　　You should have told him.你本應(yīng)該告訴他。(主動(dòng))

　　He should have been told.本應(yīng)該告訴他才是。(被動(dòng))

　　4)帶有直接賓語和間接賓語的句子，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)候，只把一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另外一個(gè)賓語保留在動(dòng)詞后面，這種句子可以有兩個(gè)被動(dòng)句。

　　如：His teacher gave him a book.他的老師給了他一本書。(主動(dòng))

　　A book was given to him by his teacher.(被動(dòng))

　　He was given a book by his teacher. (被動(dòng))

　　Someone gave her a dog.有人送給她一只狗。(主動(dòng))

　　A dog was given to her. (被動(dòng))

　　She was given a dog. (被動(dòng))

　　兩種被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，第二種形式比第一種形式更為常用，即應(yīng)該把間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語。

　　5)含有復(fù)合賓語的主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句時(shí)，將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，賓補(bǔ)仍保留在動(dòng)詞之后，成為主補(bǔ)。

　　如：We call him Xiao Wang.我們叫他小王。(主動(dòng))

　　He was called Xiao Wang.他被叫小王。(被動(dòng))

　　We asked the teacher to explain the sentence again.我們要求老師把這個(gè)句子再解釋一次。(主動(dòng))

　　The teacher was asked to explain the sentence again.老師被要求把這個(gè)句子再解釋一次。(被動(dòng))

　　注：make, hear, watch, see, feel, let, have等動(dòng)詞在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中，其后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式一般不帶to，但當(dāng)用于被動(dòng)句時(shí)，后面作賓補(bǔ)的不定式必須帶有to。

　　如：She saw a man go into the room.她看見一個(gè)男人走進(jìn)屋里。(主動(dòng))

　　A man was seen to go into the room.一個(gè)男人被看到走進(jìn)屋里去了。(被動(dòng))

　　His mother made him do his homework again.他媽媽讓他把作業(yè)重寫一次。(主動(dòng))

　　He was made to do his homework again by his mother.他被媽媽要求把作業(yè)重寫一次。(被動(dòng))

　　6)動(dòng)詞短語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

　　動(dòng)詞+介詞

　　如：They have talked about this matter recently.他們近來一直在談?wù)撨@件事情。(主動(dòng))

　　This matter has been talked about recently.這件事情近來一直被談?wù)撝?被動(dòng))

　　動(dòng)詞+副詞

　　如：They put off the sports meeting.他們把運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)推遲了。(主動(dòng))

　　The sports meeting was put off.運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)被推遲了。(被動(dòng))

　　7)get+過去分詞構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

　　get+過去分詞也可以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)，用這種結(jié)構(gòu)的句子側(cè)重于動(dòng)作的結(jié)果而不是動(dòng)作本身。

　　如：The man got hurt on his way home.那個(gè)男子在回家的路上受傷了。

　　Mary is going to get married.瑪麗準(zhǔn)備結(jié)婚。

　　3.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法：

　　1)動(dòng)作的施動(dòng)者很明顯，沒有必要提到時(shí)：

　　如：The rubbish hasn't been collected.垃圾沒有清走。

　　Your hand will be X-rayed.你的手要照X片。

　　2)不知道、不確切知道或忘記了誰是施動(dòng)者。

　　如：The minister was murdered.部長被謀殺了。

　　You will be met at the station.有人會(huì)到車站去接你。

　　3)使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)可以避免說出別扭的句子。

　　如：When he arrived home a detective arrested him.他回到家時(shí)，一名偵探逮捕了他。(主動(dòng))

　　此句最好表示為：

　　When he arrived home he was arrested by a detective.他回到家里就被一名偵探逮捕了。(被動(dòng))變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)后，可以避免改換主語。

　　4) 主動(dòng)句中主語是不定代詞one，通?？梢员硎緸楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)。

　　如：One sees this sort of advertisement everywhere.這樣的廣告到處可見。(主動(dòng))

　　This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere. 這樣的廣告到處可見。(被動(dòng))

　　5)當(dāng)動(dòng)作的實(shí)施者即主動(dòng)句中的主語是泛指人們時(shí)：這樣的動(dòng)詞有：assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, find, know, report, say, think等，通常可以表示為被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

　　如：People believe him to be honest.人們相信他是誠實(shí)的。

　　He is believed to be honest.相信他是誠實(shí)的。

　　6)新聞報(bào)道，書刊介紹等文體中，突出描述的客觀性。

　　如：Three people have so far been killed in the storms sweeping across the north of England and Southern Scotland.在席卷英格蘭北部和蘇格蘭南部的暴風(fēng)雨中，三人喪生。

　　4.被動(dòng)語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：

　　英語中有些“be+過去分詞”的形式可以表示被動(dòng)語態(tài)也可以作系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如果表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作，則是被動(dòng)語態(tài);如果表示狀態(tài)，則是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。表示被動(dòng)時(shí)，常伴有by短語;表示狀態(tài)時(shí)多用其他介詞短語(in, at, with等)

　　如：The novel is well written.這個(gè)小說寫得很好。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

　　The novel is written by a woman.這個(gè)小說是一位婦女寫的。(被動(dòng))

　　The man was offended. 那個(gè)人很生氣。(系表結(jié)構(gòu))

　　The man was offended by the woman.那個(gè)男人被那個(gè)女人激怒了。(被動(dòng))

　　5.主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義：

　　當(dāng)句子中出現(xiàn)easy , hard , difficult 等詞修飾時(shí)，我們用主動(dòng)形式表達(dá)被動(dòng)

　　如 I found the poem hard to understand .

　　2001年第25小題：

　　They found the lecture hard --------

　　A to be understood B to understand C for understanding D to have been understood

　　答案是B

　　第二部分：鞏固練習(xí)

　　把下列句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句：

　　1.He suggested using the waterproof material.

　　He suggested that the waterproof material should be used.

　　2. He advised us to go to school earlier.

　　We are advised to go to school earlier.

　　3.The waiter recommended us to order the seafood.

　　We were recommended to order the seafood.

　　The waiter recommended that the seafood should be ordered.

　　4.We often hear him sing in the next room.

　　He is often heard to sing in the next room.

　　5.You needn't return the book now.

　　The book needn't be returned now.

　　6. They will send you a bill at the end of the month.

　　You will be sent a bill at the end of the month.

　　A bill will be sent to you at the end of the month.

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