2016成人英語(yǔ)三級(jí)閱讀理解解題方法：因果條件題

　　【摘要】環(huán)球網(wǎng)校為您整理《2016成人英語(yǔ)三級(jí)閱讀理解解題方法：因果條件題》，希望通過(guò)這新聞資訊幫助同學(xué)們及時(shí)掌握?qǐng)?bào)考信息!更多考試資訊，盡在環(huán)球網(wǎng)校自學(xué)考試頻道!

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　　(一)原因題型

　　原因通常成為考點(diǎn)，它的主要出現(xiàn)方式如下。

　　1.段落(含首段)第一句如果表達(dá)一種因果關(guān)系，通常為考點(diǎn)。

　　2.文章中細(xì)節(jié)性的因果關(guān)系――通常由一些表示因果關(guān)系的詞匯手段表達(dá)。

　　(1)表示因果關(guān)系的名詞：basis(根據(jù))，result，consequence，reason;

　　(2)表示因果關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞：result in(結(jié)果)，result from(由于，由……)，follow from(……結(jié)果)，base…on…(以……為基礎(chǔ))，be due to(由于);

　　(3)表示因果關(guān)系的連詞或介詞：because，since，for，as，therefore，so，thus，why，with;

　　(4)表示因果關(guān)系的副詞：as a result，consequently等。

　　(二)條件題型

　　條件關(guān)系通常也是考點(diǎn)，它的主要出現(xiàn)方式如下。

　　1.以when、if、as等連詞引導(dǎo)的條件從句。

　　2.文章中細(xì)節(jié)性的條件關(guān)系――通常由一些表示條件關(guān)系的詞匯手段表達(dá)：如depend upon(取決于)，determine(決定)等。

　　例1

　　wher do pesticides(殺蟲(chóng)劑)fit into the picture of environmental disease? We have seen that they now pollute soil, water, and food, that they have the power to make our streams fishless and our gardens and woodlands silent and birdless. Man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature. Can he escape a pollution that is now so thoroughly distributed throughout our world? We know that even single exposures to these chemicals, if the amount is large enough, can cause extremely severe poisoning. But this is not the major problem. The sudden illness or death of farmers, farm workers, and others exposes to sufficient quantities of pesti-cides is very sad and should not occur. For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.

　　Responsible public health officials have pointed out that the biological effects of chemicals are cumulative(積累的)over long periods of time, and that the danger to the individual may depend on the sum of the exposures received throughout his life-time. For these very reasons the danger is easily ignored. It is human nature to shake off what may seem to us a threat of future disaster. "Men are naturally mo.st impressed by diseases which have obvious signs,"says a wise physician, Dr. Rene Dubos, "yet some of their worst enemies slowly approach them unnoticed."

　　People tend to ignore the delayed effects of exposure to chemicals because____.

　　A. limited exposure to them does little harm to people's health

　　B. the present is more important for them than the future

　　C. the danger does not become apparent immediately

　　D. humans are capable of withstanding small amounts of poisoning

　　這道題考點(diǎn)涉及原因。如果閱讀時(shí)圈劃了有關(guān)因果關(guān)系提示詞，這道題就比較容易做了。因果關(guān)系提示詞在第二段第二句：For these very reasons the danger is easily ignored.由此可知本段的前部為答案所在：化學(xué)制品的生物作用是長(zhǎng)期積累的結(jié)果;化學(xué)制品對(duì)人危害的大小取決于人一生中接收的劑量的多少。C項(xiàng)：“化學(xué)制品的危害沒(méi)有立即顯現(xiàn)出來(lái)”表達(dá)的正是這個(gè)意思，所以是正確答案。

　　例2

　　It is likely that the dispute regarding flats versus(對(duì)，對(duì)抗)individual houses will continue to rage on for a long time as far as Britain is concerned. And it is unfortunate that there should be hot feelings on both sides whenever this subject is raised. Those who oppose the building of flats base their case primarily on the assumption(設(shè)想)that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation. The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scat- tered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.

　　Some people oppose the building of flats because

　　A. the living expenses for each individual family are higher

　　B. it involves higher cost compared with the building of houses

　　C. they believe people like to live in houses with gardens

　　D. the disposal of rubbish remains a problem for those living in flats

　　這道題考點(diǎn)同樣涉及原因。根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞組0ppose the building of flats定位到含有原因表達(dá)法(base…on，意為“以……為根據(jù)”)的相關(guān)句：Those who oppose the building of flat base their case primarily on the assumption(設(shè)想)that everyone prefers an individual home and garden and on the high cost per unit of accommodation.反對(duì)建公寓的人最主要的根據(jù)是，人們都喜歡獨(dú)居于帶花園的住房中，由此可知C項(xiàng)為正確答案。

　　例3

　　Even plants can run a fever, especially when they're under attack by insects or disease. But unlike humans, plants can have their temperature taken from 3,000 feet away -- straight up. A decade ago, adapting the infrared(紅外線(xiàn))scanning technolo-gy developed for military purposes and other satellites, physicist Stephen Paley came up with a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine which ones are un-der stress. The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide(殺蟲(chóng)劑)spraying rather than rain poison on a whole field, which invariably includes plants that don't have pest(害蟲(chóng))problems.

　　Even better, Paley's Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop prob-lems before they became visible to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 feet at night, an infrared scanner measured the heat emitted by crops. The data were trans- formed into a color-coded map showing wher plants were running "fevers". Farmers could then spot-spray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they otherwise would.

　　The bad news is that Paley's company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farmers resisted the new technology and long-term backers were hard to find.

　　But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to get back into operation. Agriculture experts have no doubt the technology works. "This technique can be used on 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States, " says George Oerther of Texas A&M. Ray Jackson, who re- cently retired from the Department of Agriculture, thinks remote infrared crop scan- ning could be adopted by the end of the decade. But only if Paley finds the financial backing which he failed to obtain 10 years ago.

　　Infrared scanning technology may be brought back into operation because of

　　A. the desire of farmers to improve the quality of their produce

　　B. growing concern about the excessive use of pesticides on crops

　　C. the forceful promotion by the Department of Agriculture

　　D. full support from agriculture experts

　　根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵詞組"brought back into operation"找到原文相關(guān)句：But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce, and refinements in infrared scan-ning, Paley hopes to get back into operation.但是隨著人們重新關(guān)注殺蟲(chóng)劑對(duì)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的影響，以及紅外線(xiàn)掃描技術(shù)的改進(jìn)，Paley希望能重操舊業(yè)。由此可以推出B項(xiàng)為正確答案。這個(gè)考點(diǎn)與相關(guān)句中的原因狀語(yǔ)(以with引導(dǎo))相聯(lián)系。

　　除了上述原文有因果關(guān)系提示詞的顯性原因考點(diǎn)之外，隱性原因(兩個(gè)句子之間為因果關(guān)系，但無(wú)有關(guān)提示詞)也是常見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)。不管考點(diǎn)是顯性原因，還是隱性原因，原文相關(guān)句出現(xiàn)的格式都是先說(shuō)原因，后說(shuō)結(jié)果，而在題干中通常給出結(jié)果，就其原因提問(wèn)。

　　The application of infrared scanning technology to agriculture met with some diffi-culties due to

　　A. the lack of official support

　　B. its high cost

　　C. the lack of financial support

　　D. its failure to help increase production

　　這道題測(cè)試的考點(diǎn)是一個(gè)隱性原因(原文中沒(méi)有提示詞)。相關(guān)句為第三段前兩句

　　話(huà)：第一句話(huà)提到將紅外線(xiàn)掃描技術(shù)運(yùn)用于農(nóng)業(yè)遇到困難――Paley的公司于l984年關(guān)閉，第二句話(huà)敘述了其中的原因：Farmers: resisted the new technology and long-term backers were hard to find.農(nóng)場(chǎng)主們抵制這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)，而且難以找到(投資方面的)長(zhǎng)期支持者。由此可知C項(xiàng)為正確答案。

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　　自學(xué)考試歷年真題大匯總|自學(xué)考試頻道|自學(xué)考試論壇

　　【摘要】環(huán)球網(wǎng)校為您整理《2016成人英語(yǔ)三級(jí)閱讀理解解題方法：因果條件題》，希望通過(guò)這新聞資訊幫助同學(xué)們及時(shí)掌握?qǐng)?bào)考信息!更多考試資訊，盡在環(huán)球網(wǎng)校自學(xué)考試頻道!

　　(各省市2016年10月自學(xué)考試報(bào)名時(shí)間/報(bào)名入口匯總，環(huán)球網(wǎng)校自學(xué)考試頻道為您整理!)

　　例4

　　For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers. All this impo- ses a constant pressure and strain of work, but in spite of this some students still find time for great activity in student affairs. Elections to positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm. The effective work of maintaining discipline is usually per- formed by students who advise the academic authorities. Any student who is thought to have broken the rules, for example, by cheating has to appear before a student court. With the enormous numbers of students, the operation of the system does in- volve a certain amount of activity. A student who has held one of these positions of au- thority is much respected and it will be of benefit to him later in his career.

　　American university students are usually under pressure of work because

　　A. their academic performance will affect their future careers

　　B. they are heavily involved in student affairs

　　C. they have to observe university discipline

　　D.they want to run for positions of authority

　　本題問(wèn)的是美國(guó)大學(xué)生通常承受壓力的原因。相關(guān)句在前兩句話(huà)――第二句指出：All this imposes a constant pressure and strain of work…這一切給學(xué)生造成持續(xù)的壓力和緊張……，由此可知原因在前一句：For every course that he follows a student is given a grade, which is recorded, and the record is available for the student to show to prospective employers.學(xué)生上的每門(mén)課都有一個(gè)分?jǐn)?shù)登記在冊(cè)，而分?jǐn)?shù)可以由學(xué)生拿給未來(lái)雇主看。A：“其學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)會(huì)影響其未來(lái)的工作”與上句“分?jǐn)?shù)可以由學(xué)生拿給未來(lái)雇主看(由其決定是否錄用)”意思一致，為正確答案。第一句和第二句之間為因果關(guān)系(第一句為因，第二句為果)，但沒(méi)有因果關(guān)系提示詞，仍然成為考點(diǎn)，這種先因后果(無(wú)提示詞)的結(jié)構(gòu)值得考生注意。

　　Some students are enthusiastic for positions in student organizations probably because

　　A. they hate the constant pressure and strain of their study

　　B. they will then be able to stay longer in the university

　　C. such positions help them get better jobs

　　D. such positions are usually well paid

　　第三句談到部分學(xué)生熱衷于在學(xué)生組織中任職：Elections tO positions in student organizations arouse much enthusiasm.接著討論了任職學(xué)生的作用，最后才提到了學(xué)生熱衷于任職的原因：A student who has held one of these positions of authority is much respected and it will be of benefit tO him later in his career.任職的學(xué)生受人尊敬，并在未來(lái)工作中獲益，由此可知C為正確答案。

　　例5

　　The reason these two wonders of nature are so difficult for many adults to explain to children is that they are not very well understood by adults themselves. For exam-ple, did you know that the lightning we see flashing down to the earth from a cloud is actually flashing up to a cloud from the earth? Our eyes trick us into thinking we see a downward motion when it's actually the other way around. But then, if we believed only what we think we see, we'd still insist that the sun rises in the morning and sets at night.

　　We believe that lightning is a downward motion because

　　A. we were taught so by our parents from our childhood

　　B. we are deceived by our sense of vision

　　C. it is a common natural phenomenon

　　D. it is a truth proved by science

　　這仍然是測(cè)試隱性原因的一道考題，思路是在有關(guān)結(jié)果附近找有關(guān)原因。談?wù)?quot;downward motion"的相關(guān)句為第三句：0ur eyes trick US into thinking we see a downward motion when it'S actually the other way around.由此可知人們認(rèn)為閃電由上向下運(yùn)動(dòng)，是因?yàn)楸灰曈X(jué)所騙，因此B項(xiàng)為正確答案。

　　如上所述，因果關(guān)系題的答案有時(shí)可依據(jù)因果關(guān)系提示詞圈劃或定位找，但更多的時(shí)候答案中并無(wú)因果關(guān)系提示詞，但仍表達(dá)因果關(guān)系。有鑒于此，考生平時(shí)有必要注意訓(xùn)練自己的因果關(guān)系推理。不過(guò)，因果關(guān)系題的答案以題干中關(guān)鍵詞在原文中的前后句或同一段落內(nèi)為主。

　　例6

　　After the violent earthquake that shook Los Angeles in 1994, earthquake scien-tists had good news to report: The damage and death toll(死亡人數(shù))could have been much worse. More than 60 people died in this earthquake. By comparison, an earthquake of similar intensity that shook America in 1988 claimed 25,000 victims. Injuries and deaths were relatively less in Los Angeles because the quake occurred at 4:31 a.m. on a holiday; when traffic was light on the city's highways. In addition, changes made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the city's buildings and highways, making them more resistant to quakes. Despite the good news, civil engineers aren't resting on their successes. Pinned to their drawing boards are blue prints(藍(lán)圖)for improved quake-resistant buildings. The new designs should offer even greater security to cities wher earthquakes often take place. In the past, making structures quake-resistant meant firm yet flexible materials, such as steel and wood, that bend without breaking. Later, people tried to lift a build-ing off its foundation, and insert rubber and steel between the building and its founda-tion to reduce the impact of ground vibrations. The most recent designs give buildings brains as well as concrete and steel supports. Called smart buildings, the structures respond like living organisms to an earthquake's vibrations. When the ground shakes and the building tips forward, the computer would force the building to shift in the op- posite direction. The new smart structures could be very expensive to build. However, that wouldsave many lives and would be less likely to be damaged during earthquakes.

　　One reason why the loss of lives in the Los Angeles earthquake was comparatively low is that

　　A. new computers had been installed in the buildings

　　B. it occurred in the residential areas rather than on the highways

　　C. large numbers of Los Angeles residents had gone for a holiday

　　D. improvements had been made in the construction of buildings and highways

　　根據(jù)題干的提示可知，洛杉磯地震造成的傷亡在第三段談到：文中分析了l994年洛杉磯地震造成的損失和傷亡比較小的原因是：地震發(fā)生在休假日的凌晨，公路上車(chē)輛不多，同時(shí)由于建筑規(guī)程的修改，近20年來(lái)洛杉磯城市樓房和公路建筑都加固了，防震性能提高了。因此，只有D項(xiàng)：“城市樓房和公路建筑都進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)”與上述意思一致，為正確答案。選項(xiàng)A說(shuō)“樓房安裝了電腦”，這是新近的設(shè)計(jì)方案，1994年還談不上，所以不對(duì)。選項(xiàng)C說(shuō)大量居民當(dāng)時(shí)外出度假去了，與原文中提到的“地震發(fā)生在休假日的凌晨”不符，所以也不對(duì)。

　　條件句也是一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的考點(diǎn)。它在原文出現(xiàn)的模式可以是：條件句+主句，或主句+條件句，但題干通常給出主句的意思，問(wèn)相關(guān)條件。

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