2018年虛擬語(yǔ)氣“新”歸納

　　由于虛擬語(yǔ)氣所涉及的內(nèi)容比較廣，一些語(yǔ)法書(shū)對(duì)其的闡述也很繁雜，所以同學(xué)們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中很難掌握其用法，在使用過(guò)程中或考試時(shí)也很容易出錯(cuò)。為了便于大家理解和記憶，筆者對(duì)虛擬語(yǔ)氣作了一個(gè)“新”歸納，供大家參考。

　　虛擬語(yǔ)氣的使用主要體現(xiàn)在三個(gè)方面：虛擬條件句、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在某些從句中的運(yùn)用，以及虛擬語(yǔ)氣的一些特殊用法。

　　虛擬條件句

　　虛擬條件句就是對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)條件的一種虛擬假設(shè)，所假設(shè)的條件一般不符合事實(shí)或與事實(shí)相反或在現(xiàn)實(shí)中發(fā)生的可能性極小。根據(jù)時(shí)間的不同，虛擬條件句可分為三種，即與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句、與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句及與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件句。

　　例句：

　　1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反

　　If I had enough money now ， I would lend it to you.

　　If I were you ， I would go to tell him the real feeling upon him.

　　2.表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反

　　If he had taken your advice ， he wouldn't have made such a bad mistake.

　　She would have come to enjoy the party if she hadn't been very busy.

　　3.表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反

　　I would go shopping with you if it were to be Sunday tomorrow.

　　If he were to be given another chance to do it again， he could certainly achieve more.

　　1.虛擬條件句的倒裝

　　在虛擬條件句中，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)所假設(shè)條件的虛擬性，或突出說(shuō)話(huà)人的一種主觀愿望，虛擬條件句可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。虛擬條件句的倒裝是通過(guò)去掉if，把條件從句謂語(yǔ)中的助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞放在句首實(shí)現(xiàn)的。例如：

　　Had I been(= If I had been ) in that situation， I would not have let the thief escape away with so much money.

　　Should there be (= If there should be) a drought， what should we do at that time ?

　　2.錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句

　　有時(shí)條件從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間并不一致，這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它所要表示的具體時(shí)間來(lái)決定。例如：

　　If we hadn't been working hard in the past few years ， things wouldn't be going so smoothly.

　　If the Party hadn 't led the Chinese people to liberate the country，Chinese people would still live a life in pain and poverty.

　　3.含蓄條件句

　　有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句的形式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)，而是通過(guò)某個(gè)介詞或介詞短語(yǔ)(如：with， otherwise， without， but for， in that position )、上下文或其它方式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。這種句子稱(chēng)為含蓄條件句。例如：

　　But for the help from you ， I would not have had the chance to go to college.

　　I would never mind you making such loud noises， but， you see， my baby is in a deep sleep.

　　It was so quiet ; you could have heard a pin drop.

　　虛擬語(yǔ)氣在某些從句中的運(yùn)用

　　在某些詞或短語(yǔ)后接的從句中要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示愿望、建議或命令等。根據(jù)虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式不同，虛擬語(yǔ)氣可以分為“should類(lèi)”和“過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)類(lèi)”。

　　一、should類(lèi)

　　這一類(lèi)的虛擬語(yǔ)氣是通過(guò)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用“should +動(dòng)詞原形”體現(xiàn)出來(lái)的，should可以省略。其具體運(yùn)用體現(xiàn)在：

　　1.在suggest ， order， demand ， propose， command， request， desire，insist等表示建議、命令、要求、意見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞后接的賓語(yǔ)從句中要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

　　如：

　　He suggests that she should leave the house at once.

　　The leader ordered that the task(should) be finished as soon as possible.

　　He proposed that we (should) deal with the problem by the view of development.

　　2.與suggest ， order， demand ， propose， command， request， desire，insist等動(dòng)詞相對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞suggestion， order， demand ， proposal 等后的表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句中要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：

　　The general sent the order that the battle(should) be held on untilthe complete failure of the enemy.

　　My proposal is that we(should) set a deadline for handing in the plan.

　　3.在It is/was suggested (ordered ， demanded ， proposed ， etc. ) 結(jié)構(gòu)以及necessary ， essential， important， strange， natural等形容詞后的主語(yǔ)從句中要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：

　　It's requested that we (should) keep the stability of the society for the people's peaceful life.

　　It is necessary that the badly wounded man(should) be treated immediately.

　　二、過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)類(lèi)

　　英語(yǔ)中，還有一些詞或短語(yǔ)后接的從句或句子，也要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，虛擬語(yǔ)氣是通過(guò)句中的謂語(yǔ)使用過(guò)去的某種時(shí)態(tài)(如：一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)等)來(lái)體現(xiàn)的。

　　1. wish ， would rather 后的賓語(yǔ)從句。如：

　　He wished he had never been involved in such affairs.

　　I would rather you could teach me again.

　　2. as if， as though引導(dǎo)的從句。如：

　　The little boy knows so many things as if he was a man.

　　He acted as usual as though nothing had happened.

　　3.由if only (要是……，那該多好啊!)引導(dǎo)的驚嘆句。如：

　　If only I had passed the test !

　　If only it stopped raining!

　　4. It is(about/high) time 后的定語(yǔ)從句。如：

　　It is time we went out for a walk.

　　It was high time they had begun to prepare the experiment.

　　虛擬語(yǔ)氣的其它用法

　　在英語(yǔ)中，一些表示建議、請(qǐng)求、勸告、愿望、祈禱、祝?；蛟{咒的句子，也需要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：

　　Would you mind smoking here ?

　　May you be lucky!

　　Long live the people of China !

　　God save me.

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