2018年成人英語三級考試語法專項(xiàng)知識精講(13)

一、虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法

在含有虛擬條件句的復(fù)合句中，主從句的謂語都要用虛擬語氣，現(xiàn)將其形式如下：

動(dòng)詞形式 時(shí)間：從句，主句

與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：動(dòng)詞過去式(be的過去式用were)，would(could/should/might)+動(dòng)詞原形

與過去事實(shí)相反：had+動(dòng)詞過去分詞，would(could/should/might)+have過去分詞

與將來事實(shí)可能相反：動(dòng)詞過去式　should+動(dòng)詞原形were to+動(dòng)詞原形，would(could/should/might)+動(dòng)詞原形

1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如：

If I were you, I should (would ,could, might) tell him the truth. 要是我是你，我就會告訴他真相了。(事實(shí)上我不是你)

If she had time, she would (could, might) help me. 如果她有時(shí)間，她就會幫我了。(事實(shí)上她沒有時(shí)間)

2.表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如：

If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I should (would, could, might) have telephoned you. 如果昨天我知道了你的電話號碼，我就會給你打電話了。(事實(shí)上我昨天不知道你的電話號碼。)

If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't (couldn't) have failed in the exam. 如果你聽了我的建議，你就不會考試不及格。(事實(shí)上你根本沒聽我的。)

3. 表示與將來事實(shí)可能相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如：

If it should rain, the crops would (could, might) be saved. 假如天下雨，莊稼可能就收獲了。

注：在表示與將來事實(shí)可能相反的條件從句中，were to + 動(dòng)詞原形比較正式，常用于書面語中。

If you were to go to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square.

二、虛擬語氣的其它用法

1.虛擬語氣在主語從句中的用法。

在"It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that…"這類句型中，that所引導(dǎo)的主語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞常用 “(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某事是“重要”，“奇怪”，“自然”，“必要”等意義。如：It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English.

重要的是每個(gè)北京人能說英語。

It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要馬上把他送醫(yī)院。

2.虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的用法。

(1)在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在或過去的事實(shí)相反，或?qū)淼闹饔^愿望，從句通常省略連詞that。

a.表示對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬：從句動(dòng)詞用過去式或過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(be的過去式用were)表示。如：

I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道這個(gè)問題的答案。(可惜不知道。)

I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(只是愿望，實(shí)際根本不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。)

b.表示對過去情況的虛擬：從句動(dòng)詞用 had+過去分詞。如：

I wish (that) I hadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不該浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。(實(shí)際上已經(jīng)浪費(fèi)掉了。)

He wishes (wished) he hadn't lost the chance. 他真希望沒有失去機(jī)會。(事實(shí)上機(jī)會已經(jīng)失去了，他感到惋惜。)

c.表示對將來的主觀愿望：謂語動(dòng)詞形式為 “would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形”，此時(shí)要注意，主句的主語與從句的主語不能相同，因?yàn)橹骶涞闹髡Z所期望的從句動(dòng)作能否實(shí)現(xiàn)，取決于從句主語的態(tài)度或意愿(非動(dòng)作名詞除外)。如：

I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。

I wish you would be quiet. 我希望你安靜一些。

(2)在suggest(建議)，demand(要求)，order(命令)，propose(建議)，insist(堅(jiān)持要做)，command(命令)，request(要求)，desire(希望)等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用 “(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”，表示建議，要求，命令等。如：

I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once. 我建議馬上開會。

The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south. 這位即將畢業(yè)的學(xué)生堅(jiān)持要到南方去工作。

注：當(dāng)suggest表示暗示，主語為something;insist表示堅(jiān)持觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，后接的賓語從句當(dāng)用真實(shí)語氣。比較：

His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision. 他的沉默暗示著他贊成我的決定。

He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision. 他建議我堅(jiān)持自己的決定。

He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health. 他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為做早操對健康有益。

He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day. 他堅(jiān)持他每天都要早操。

3.虛擬語氣在表語從句中的用法。

當(dāng)主語為advice, suggestion, order, proposal等詞時(shí)后接表語從句，表語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞常用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某人建議、勸告、命令等的內(nèi)容。如：

My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible. 我的建議是你盡可能經(jīng)常地練習(xí)說英語。

The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately. 司令官的命令是部隊(duì)立即開拔去前線。

4.特殊的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)。

(1)虛擬語氣用在狀語從句中

由as if 或as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示比較或方式時(shí)，從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用虛擬語氣。動(dòng)詞形式用動(dòng)詞的過去式(be→were)或had+過去分詞。如：

The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child.

這位老師帶這位學(xué)生就象她的親生孩子一樣。

He speaks as if he had been to the United States.他說得好象他真的到過美國似的。

(2)在It is time (that) …; I'd rather (that)…句型中從句的謂語動(dòng)詞常用動(dòng)詞的過去式表示虛擬語氣，意思是“該干某事了，時(shí)間已經(jīng)有些晚了”“我寧愿/希望”。如：

It is time that we did something to stop pollution. 該我們做些什么制止污染的時(shí)候了。

It is time that Father picked up Lily from the kindergarten. 該父親去幼兒園接莉莉的時(shí)候了。

I'd rather you told me the truth. 我真希望你告訴我真相。

I'd rather I didn't see you again. 我寧愿不再見著你。

5.虛擬語氣在同位語從句中的用法

在名詞advice, suggestion, order, proposal等后接的同位語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞用虛擬語氣，起形式為 “(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”，說明“建議”，“勸告”，“命令”等的具體內(nèi)容。如：

The order came that the work should be finished two days ahead of time. 提前兩天完成工作的命令傳來了。

Reluctantly she accepted their proposal that she should be operated on. 她勉強(qiáng)接受了他們要她去接受手術(shù)的建議。