2018年成人英語(yǔ)三級(jí)考試《詞匯與語(yǔ)法》備考資料1

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2018年成人英語(yǔ)三級(jí)考試《詞匯與語(yǔ)法》備考資料1

一、虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件從句中的用法

在含有虛擬條件句的復(fù)合句中，主從句的謂語(yǔ)都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，現(xiàn)將其形式如下：

動(dòng)詞形式 時(shí)間：從句，主句

與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反：動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be的過(guò)去式用were)，would(could/should/might)+動(dòng)詞原形

與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反：had+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，would(could/should/might)+have過(guò)去分詞

與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反：動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式　should+動(dòng)詞原形were to+動(dòng)詞原形，would(could/should/might)+動(dòng)詞原形

1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如：

If I were you, I should (would ,could, might) tell him the truth. 要是我是你，我就會(huì)告訴他真相了。(事實(shí)上我不是你)

If she had time, she would (could, might) help me. 如果她有時(shí)間，她就會(huì)幫我了。(事實(shí)上她沒(méi)有時(shí)間)

2.表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如：

If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I should (would, could, might) have telephoned you. 如果昨天我知道了你的電話號(hào)碼，我就會(huì)給你打電話了。(事實(shí)上我昨天不知道你的電話號(hào)碼。)

If you had taken my advice, you wouldn't (couldn't) have failed in the exam. 如果你聽(tīng)了我的建議，你就不會(huì)考試不及格。(事實(shí)上你根本沒(méi)聽(tīng)我的。)

3. 表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如：

If it should rain, the crops would (could, might) be saved. 假如天下雨，莊稼可能就收獲了。

注：在表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反的條件從句中，were to + 動(dòng)詞原形比較正式，常用于書面語(yǔ)中。

If you were to go to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square.

二、虛擬語(yǔ)氣的其它用法

1.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在主語(yǔ)從句中的用法。

在"It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that…"這類句型中，that所引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用 “(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某事是“重要”，“奇怪”，“自然”，“必要”等意義。如：It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English.

重要的是每個(gè)北京人能說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。

It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要馬上把他送醫(yī)院。

2.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在賓語(yǔ)從句中的用法。

(1)在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在或過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反，或?qū)?lái)的主觀愿望，從句通常省略連詞that。

a.表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬：從句動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(be的過(guò)去式用were)表示。如：

I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案。(可惜不知道。)

I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(只是愿望，實(shí)際根本不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。)

b.表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的虛擬：從句動(dòng)詞用 had+過(guò)去分詞。如：

I wish (that) I hadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不該浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。(實(shí)際上已經(jīng)浪費(fèi)掉了。)

He wishes (wished) he hadn't lost the chance. 他真希望沒(méi)有失去機(jī)會(huì)。(事實(shí)上機(jī)會(huì)已經(jīng)失去了，他感到惋惜。)

c.表示對(duì)將來(lái)的主觀愿望：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為 “would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形”，此時(shí)要注意，主句的主語(yǔ)與從句的主語(yǔ)不能相同，因?yàn)橹骶涞闹髡Z(yǔ)所期望的從句動(dòng)作能否實(shí)現(xiàn)，取決于從句主語(yǔ)的態(tài)度或意愿(非動(dòng)作名詞除外)。如：

I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止。

I wish you would be quiet. 我希望你安靜一些。

(2)在suggest(建議)，demand(要求)，order(命令)，propose(建議)，insist(堅(jiān)持要做)，command(命令)，request(要求)，desire(希望)等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用 “(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”，表示建議，要求，命令等。如：

I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once. 我建議馬上開(kāi)會(huì)。

The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south. 這位即將畢業(yè)的學(xué)生堅(jiān)持要到南方去工作。

注：當(dāng)suggest表示暗示，主語(yǔ)為something;insist表示堅(jiān)持觀點(diǎn)時(shí)，后接的賓語(yǔ)從句當(dāng)用真實(shí)語(yǔ)氣。比較：

His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision. 他的沉默暗示著他贊成我的決定。

He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision. 他建議我堅(jiān)持自己的決定。

He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people's health. 他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為做早操對(duì)健康有益。

He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day. 他堅(jiān)持他每天都要早操。

3.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在表語(yǔ)從句中的用法。

當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為advice, suggestion, order, proposal等詞時(shí)后接表語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用“(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某人建議、勸告、命令等的內(nèi)容。如：

My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible. 我的建議是你盡可能經(jīng)常地練習(xí)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。

The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately. 司令官的命令是部隊(duì)立即開(kāi)拔去前線。

4.特殊的虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)。

(1)虛擬語(yǔ)氣用在狀語(yǔ)從句中

由as if 或as though引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句表示比較或方式時(shí)，從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。動(dòng)詞形式用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式(be→were)或had+過(guò)去分詞。如：

The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child.

這位老師帶這位學(xué)生就象她的親生孩子一樣。

He speaks as if he had been to the United States.他說(shuō)得好象他真的到過(guò)美國(guó)似的。

(2)在It is time (that) …; I'd rather (that)…句型中從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣，意思是“該干某事了，時(shí)間已經(jīng)有些晚了”“我寧愿/希望”。如：

It is time that we did something to stop pollution. 該我們做些什么制止污染的時(shí)候了。

It is time that Father picked up Lily from the kindergarten. 該父親去幼兒園接莉莉的時(shí)候了。

I'd rather you told me the truth. 我真希望你告訴我真相。

I'd rather I didn't see you again. 我寧愿不再見(jiàn)著你。

5.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在同位語(yǔ)從句中的用法

在名詞advice, suggestion, order, proposal等后接的同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，起形式為 “(should)+動(dòng)詞原形”，說(shuō)明“建議”，“勸告”，“命令”等的具體內(nèi)容。如：

The order came that the work should be finished two days ahead of time. 提前兩天完成工作的命令傳來(lái)了。

Reluctantly she accepted their proposal that she should be operated on. 她勉強(qiáng)接受了他們要她去接受手術(shù)的建議。