2019下半年成人英語三級(jí)考試詞匯與語法輔導(dǎo)：連詞
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連詞是一種虛詞， 它不能獨(dú)立擔(dān)任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞，短語與短語以及句與句的作用。連詞主要可分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。
并列連詞 并列連詞用來連接平行的詞、詞組和分句。
第一類表示并列關(guān)系的連詞
1) and 和 判斷改錯(cuò)：
(錯(cuò)) They sat down and talk about something. (錯(cuò)) They started to dance and sang.
(錯(cuò)) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there. (對(duì)) They sat down and talked about something. (對(duì)) They started to dance and sing.
(對(duì))I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析：
第一句： and 連接兩個(gè)并列的謂語，所以 talk 應(yīng)改為 talked。
第二句：and 連接兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞不定式，第二個(gè)不定式往往省略to，因此sang 應(yīng)改為 sing。
第三句：and 連接感觀動(dòng)詞saw 后面的用作的賓補(bǔ)的兩個(gè)并列分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，因此whisper應(yīng)改為whispering。
注意：1. and 還可以和祈使句或名詞詞組連用表示條件。(or也有此用法)
Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance. = If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance. One more effort, and you'll succeed.
= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed
2, A and B 當(dāng)表示整體或者指同一人時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù), 當(dāng)and連接的單數(shù)名詞
前分別有each，every，many等詞修飾時(shí)，謂語也用單數(shù)。 bread and butter a knife and fork
The mother and teacher is very strict with her son.
No teacher and no student is allowed to smoke in class. 3. and連接的是兩個(gè)相同意思的詞，表示“漸漸”，或加強(qiáng)語氣 Read it again and again 2) both ?and 兩者都
She plays (both) the piano and the guitar.
3) neither?nor 意思為"既不??也不??"謂語動(dòng)詞采用就近原則，與nor后的詞保持一致。
Neither you nor he is to blame.
4) not only?but (also)不但······而且······ She plays not only the piano, but (also) the guitar.
注意： not only? but also 關(guān)聯(lián)兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，一個(gè)分句因有否定詞not 而必須倒裝。 Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some. 5) as well as 以及，也，與···同樣
The teacher, as well as the students, is interested in the activity.
比較and和or
1) 并列結(jié)構(gòu)中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。
2) 但有時(shí)and 也可用于否定句。請(qǐng)注意其不同特點(diǎn)： There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列結(jié)構(gòu)用or 連接，但含有兩個(gè)否定詞的句子實(shí)際被看作是肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，
因此要用and。 典型例題
---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and; and B. and; but C. or; but D. or;and 答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表轉(zhuǎn)折。
判斷改錯(cuò)：
(錯(cuò)) We will die without air and water. (錯(cuò)) We can't live without air or water. (對(duì)) We will die without air or water. (對(duì)) We can't live without air and water.
第二類表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞
1) or 意思為"或則"。
Which do you prefer, tea, coffee, or juice ?
2) either?or 意思為"或者??或者 ??"。注意謂語動(dòng)詞采用就近原則。 Either you or I am right. 3) or else/ otherwise 否則
Be silent, or else you will be kicked out. I am tired, otherwise, I would play.
第三類表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系的連詞
1) but 但是 He is rich but unhappy.
while 然而，表示對(duì)比意味 Some people love cats, while others hate them. yet 然而 She said she would be late, yet she arrived on time. however 然而，可是，不過 She does not like him, however, I like him.
2) not?but? 意思為"不是 ??而是??"
not 和but 后面的用詞要遵循一致原則。
They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.
典型例題
--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight? --- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
答案D。but與前面形成轉(zhuǎn)折，符合語意。而表并列的and， 結(jié)果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。
第四類表因果關(guān)系的連詞
1) for 因?yàn)椋霾⒘羞B詞使用時(shí)，是在對(duì)先行的句子補(bǔ)述原因或者理由，只可以連接句
子與句子，通常不置于句首。 He is absent today, for he is ill. 2) so, therefore 因此
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.
I think, therefore I am 3)then 那么，因而
Hide behind the wall, then they won’t see you. 注意：
a. 兩個(gè)并列連詞不能連用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列連詞連用。 You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.
He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.
b. although? yet?，但although不與 but連用。
(錯(cuò)) Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work.. (對(duì)) Although he was weak, yet he tried his best to do the work.
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