成人英語三級考試詞匯與語法輔導(dǎo)：主謂一致

一、語法一致原則

語法上一致就是謂語動詞和主語在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。

1. 以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動詞不定式短語、動名詞短語或從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式;主語為復(fù)數(shù)時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.

注意：由what引導(dǎo)的主語從句，后面的謂語動詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時，主句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.

2. 由連接詞and或both …… and連接起來的合成主語后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語動詞。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.

注意：(1)若and所連接的兩個詞是指同一個人或物時，它后面的謂語動詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：The writer and artist has come. (2)由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前如果分別有no， each， every more than a (an) ， many a (an)修飾時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.

3. 主語為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有with， together with， except， but， like， as well as， rather than， more than， no less than， besides， including等引起的短語，謂語動詞仍用單數(shù)形式;若主語為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Mr. Green， together with his wife and children， has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She， like you and Tom， is very tall.

4. either， neither， each， every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some， any， no， every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything around us is matter.

注意：(1)在口語中當(dāng)either或neither后跟有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞(或代詞)”作主語時，其謂語動詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. (2)若none of后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語動詞就要用單數(shù);若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.

5. 在定語從句時，關(guān)系代詞that， who， which等作主語時，其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.

6. 如果集體名詞指的是整個集體，它的謂語動詞用單數(shù);如果它指集體的成員，其謂語動詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family， class， crowd， committee， population， audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.

注意：people， police， cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：The police are looking for the lost child.

7. 由“a lot of， lots of， plenty of， the rest of， the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語作主語，其謂語動詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the students in our class are girls.

注意：a number of“許多”，作定語修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語用復(fù)數(shù);the number of“……的數(shù)量”，主語是number，謂語用單數(shù)。

8. 在倒裝句中，謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語一致。如：There comes the bus. / On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.

二、邏輯意義一致原則

邏輯意義一致就是謂語動詞的數(shù)必須和主語的意義一致(因有時主語形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù);有時形式為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義為單數(shù))。

1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來決定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.

2. 表示“時間、重量、長度、價值”等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式，這是由于作主語的名詞在概念上是一個整體，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work.

3. 若英語是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報名、國名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如：“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.

4. 表數(shù)量的短語“one and a half”后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語時，其謂語動詞可用單數(shù)形式(也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.

5. 算式中表示數(shù)目(字)的主語通常作單數(shù)看待，其謂語動詞采用單數(shù)形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.

6. 一些學(xué)科名詞是以 –ics 結(jié)尾，如：mathematics， politics， physics 以及news， works等，都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isn‘t easy to study.

7. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes， 等詞作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a (the) pair of等量詞修飾時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.

8. “定冠詞the + 形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人時，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。

三、就近一致原則

在英語句子中，有時謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語保持一致。

1. 當(dāng)兩個主語由either …… or， neither …… nor， whether …… or ……， not only …… but also連接時，謂語動詞和鄰近的主語一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?

2. there be句型be動詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語。如果其后是由and連接的兩個主語，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個主語保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room.

注意：Here引導(dǎo)的句子用法同上。

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