英語三級復習指導:高分語法 (1)
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英語三級復習指導:高分語法
定冠詞限定名詞時主要表示特指,針對TOEFL應(yīng)注意以下幾點:
(1) the和可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,表示一類人或物,如:
the fern(蕨類), the wallflower
(2) 序數(shù)詞之前必須用the,如:
the first woman, the nineteenth century
但前面有物主代詞時除外,如 my first baby
(3) 形容詞最高級之前必須用the(有物主代詞時除外),如:
the largest city, the most advanced technology
(4) of連接的名詞前多用the, 如:
the development of the watch,
(5) 世界上獨一無二的東西前應(yīng)加the, 如:
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun
在下列情況下,一般不用the:
(1) 表示人名、地名、國家名等專有名詞前, 一般不加,如:
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英語), February(二月),
America(美
國)
但是在表示海洋、海峽、江、河、山脈、群島等專有名詞時要加上the
the Great Lakes(美國五大湖), the Changjiang River(長江)
(2) 無特指的不可數(shù)名詞前,如:
algebra(代數(shù)學), advertising, accounting(會計學)
(3) 表示類別的復數(shù)名詞前,如:
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(兩棲動物) hatch from…
(4) 一些固定詞組中,如:
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in
bed
乘車的詞組:
by train(乘火車), by car (乘汽車), by bicycle(騎腳踏車),
by bus (乘公共汽車),
by land(由陸路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air
(通過航空)
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飛機), by ship (乘船),
打球的詞組:
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball
注意:表示職位的詞之前的冠詞有無均可, 如:He was elected (the)
chairman of t
he committee.
不可數(shù)名詞的限定詞和不可數(shù)名詞原形連用, 下面這些限定詞后面一定跟不可數(shù)名
詞:
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、豐富的)
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 屬不可數(shù)名
詞
專用
另外一些詞(詞組)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of,
the re
st of, plenty of等既可接可數(shù)名詞又可接不可數(shù)名詞。
有些形容詞本身就具有“比….年長”、“ 比…..優(yōu)越”等含義,因此也就沒有比
較級
和最高級。比如: inferior, superior, senior, anterior。這些形容詞往往和
to連用
,而不和than連用。
有些形容詞本身就具備“最、極”的含義,所以就沒有最高級和比較級。如:
absolute(絕對的), unique(獨一無二的), infinite(無限的), round(圓的),
right(對
的), correct(正確的), wrong(錯誤的), perfect(完美的),這類形容詞往往被稱
(1) the和可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)連用,表示一類人或物,如:
the fern(蕨類), the wallflower
(2) 序數(shù)詞之前必須用the,如:
the first woman, the nineteenth century
但前面有物主代詞時除外,如 my first baby
(3) 形容詞最高級之前必須用the(有物主代詞時除外),如:
the largest city, the most advanced technology
(4) of連接的名詞前多用the, 如:
the development of the watch,
(5) 世界上獨一無二的東西前應(yīng)加the, 如:
the globe(地球),the equator(赤道), the moon, the sun
在下列情況下,一般不用the:
(1) 表示人名、地名、國家名等專有名詞前, 一般不加,如:
Dennis Chavez(人名),Alaska(地名),English(英語), February(二月),
America(美
國)
但是在表示海洋、海峽、江、河、山脈、群島等專有名詞時要加上the
the Great Lakes(美國五大湖), the Changjiang River(長江)
(2) 無特指的不可數(shù)名詞前,如:
algebra(代數(shù)學), advertising, accounting(會計學)
(3) 表示類別的復數(shù)名詞前,如:
Historians believe that…, Amphibians(兩棲動物) hatch from…
(4) 一些固定詞組中,如:
in history, in nature, at work, at home , go to school, go to bed, in
bed
乘車的詞組:
by train(乘火車), by car (乘汽車), by bicycle(騎腳踏車),
by bus (乘公共汽車),
by land(由陸路), by sea (由海路), by water (由水路) , by air
(通過航空)
on foot (步行), by plane(乘飛機), by ship (乘船),
打球的詞組:
play tennis, play baseball, play basketball
注意:表示職位的詞之前的冠詞有無均可, 如:He was elected (the)
chairman of t
he committee.
不可數(shù)名詞的限定詞和不可數(shù)名詞原形連用, 下面這些限定詞后面一定跟不可數(shù)名
詞:
much, a large amount of, a great deal of, a wealth of(大量的、豐富的)
little /a little /less /least, a piece /sheet /slice /bar of, 屬不可數(shù)名
詞
專用
另外一些詞(詞組)如such, some /any (of), most (of), a lot of, lots of,
the re
st of, plenty of等既可接可數(shù)名詞又可接不可數(shù)名詞。
有些形容詞本身就具有“比….年長”、“ 比…..優(yōu)越”等含義,因此也就沒有比
較級
和最高級。比如: inferior, superior, senior, anterior。這些形容詞往往和
to連用
,而不和than連用。
有些形容詞本身就具備“最、極”的含義,所以就沒有最高級和比較級。如:
absolute(絕對的), unique(獨一無二的), infinite(無限的), round(圓的),
right(對
的), correct(正確的), wrong(錯誤的), perfect(完美的),這類形容詞往往被稱
為絕
對形容詞
對于most來講,除了構(gòu)成某些詞最高級外,most的用法有幾點需要注意,經(jīng)常成為
改錯
題的考點:
1. 當most表示大多數(shù)時,之前不加the, 并且有兩種形式來表示大多數(shù),分別
為:
most + 名詞,如:most people, most Indian tribes;
most + of + 限定詞 + 名詞或代詞,如:most of his paintings,most of us,
m
ost of the modern artists
2. most有時意思等同于very, 此時most之前用不定冠詞,如:
a most lovely girl, a most impressive proposal
例題:
(1)
The most substances expand in volume when they are heated.
A B C D
答案:A
應(yīng)改為:Most
解釋:most只有在表示形容詞最高級作定語時需加定冠詞,此句表示“大多數(shù)”,
沒必
要加the.
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the crust of the Earth, but the
nonme
tals
A B C
oxygen and silicon are more still abundant.
D
考點:程度副詞
答案:D
應(yīng)改為:still more
解釋:程度副詞still修飾比較級more時,應(yīng)置于其前
幾點參考規(guī)則:
1. 多數(shù)副詞放在修飾的動詞之后,若動詞有賓語則放在賓語之后,如:
She sings very well.
I met your uncle(動詞的賓語) just now.
I met just now your uncle (錯)
2. 副詞修飾形容詞、介詞短語、副詞時常放在被修飾成分之前,如:
These two are only slightly different.
right after this, very smoothly
當然,副詞enough是一個例外,要放在修飾成分的后面,如:
I am not good enough to do this job. (對)
I am not enough good to do this job. (錯)
3. 表示頻率的副詞常放在實意動詞之前,be動詞之后,如:
He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(實意動詞) tennis.
He is always here at 8’clock. (be動詞之后)
4. 部分副詞的位置沒有一定的規(guī)定,原則上接近被修飾詞即可,如:
only, even, still, perhaps, etc.
第四節(jié) 容易混淆的詞
D
考點:程度副詞
答案:D
應(yīng)改為:still more
解釋:程度副詞still修飾比較級more時,應(yīng)置于其前
幾點參考規(guī)則:
1. 多數(shù)副詞放在修飾的動詞之后,若動詞有賓語則放在賓語之后,如:
She sings very well.
I met your uncle(動詞的賓語) just now.
I met just now your uncle (錯)
2. 副詞修飾形容詞、介詞短語、副詞時常放在被修飾成分之前,如:
These two are only slightly different.
right after this, very smoothly 當然,副詞enough是一個例外,要放在修飾成分的后面,如:
I am not good enough to do this job. (對)
I am not enough good to do this job. (錯)
3. 表示頻率的副詞常放在實意動詞之前,be動詞之后,如:
He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(實意動詞) tennis.
He is always here at 8’clock. (be動詞之后)
4. 部分副詞的位置沒有一定的規(guī)定,原則上接近被修飾詞即可,如:
only, even, still, perhaps, etc.
第四節(jié) 容易混淆的詞
hard (努力,副詞) -h(huán)ardly (幾乎不,副詞)
close (接近,形容詞) -closely(接近,副詞)
near (接近,形容詞) -nearly (幾乎,副詞), nearby (ad
j.鄰近的)
most (大多數(shù)的,形容詞) -mostly(主要地,大部分 副詞)
late (遲、晚,形容詞) -lately (最近,副詞),later(adv
.稍后的)
high (高的,形容詞) -h(huán)ighly (adv. 非常,大大的)
另外: friendly(友好的), lovely(可愛的、有趣的),盡管詞尾有l(wèi)y, 但是都
是形
容詞
作主語:不定式短語可作主語
如:To see is to believe (百聞不如一見)
To work hard should be your major concern.
注意:由于英文不習慣句子主語過長,不定式主語常被形式主語it所代替(詳見第
十七章
)
例如上面第二句可以變?yōu)椋?nbsp;It should be your major concern to work hard. 又如: It is very nice of you to help me
不定式常接在名詞之后作定語,如:
something to read, nothing to do, anything to decla
re,
a lot to complain of, the right person to talk to, etc.
由上述例子不難看出不定式和被修飾詞間有動賓關(guān)系,因此不及物動詞之后必須加
上相
搭配的介詞(例如上面的complain + of, talk +to)
不定式定語還可表示將來的含義,如:in the years to follow, the meeting to
be
held in June
獨立主格的主語和句子主語不一致
如:(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn’t utter a word. (獨立
主格)
對于分詞來講其邏輯主語必須和句子的主語保持一致:
Filling his mouth with water, he couldn’t utter a word.
在TOEFL考試中,經(jīng)?;煜瓷泶~的寫法,結(jié)尾的-self和-selves經(jīng)常故意寫錯
反身代詞的用法
可以用來做賓語: He hurt himself when he fell.
可以用來做表語: He is not quite himself today. (他今天有些不舒服)
反身代詞經(jīng)常放在名詞或者代名詞的后面來進行強調(diào), 表示“親自”的意思
I myself do it.
I do it myself.
They made the research themselves.
對形容詞
對于most來講,除了構(gòu)成某些詞最高級外,most的用法有幾點需要注意,經(jīng)常成為
改錯
題的考點:
1. 當most表示大多數(shù)時,之前不加the, 并且有兩種形式來表示大多數(shù),分別
為:
most + 名詞,如:most people, most Indian tribes;
most + of + 限定詞 + 名詞或代詞,如:most of his paintings,most of us,
m
ost of the modern artists
2. most有時意思等同于very, 此時most之前用不定冠詞,如:
a most lovely girl, a most impressive proposal
例題:
(1)
The most substances expand in volume when they are heated.
A B C D
答案:A
應(yīng)改為:Most
解釋:most只有在表示形容詞最高級作定語時需加定冠詞,此句表示“大多數(shù)”,
沒必
要加the.
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the crust of the Earth, but the
nonme
tals
A B C
oxygen and silicon are more still abundant.
D
考點:程度副詞
答案:D
應(yīng)改為:still more
解釋:程度副詞still修飾比較級more時,應(yīng)置于其前
幾點參考規(guī)則:
1. 多數(shù)副詞放在修飾的動詞之后,若動詞有賓語則放在賓語之后,如:
She sings very well.
I met your uncle(動詞的賓語) just now.
I met just now your uncle (錯)
2. 副詞修飾形容詞、介詞短語、副詞時常放在被修飾成分之前,如:
These two are only slightly different.
right after this, very smoothly
當然,副詞enough是一個例外,要放在修飾成分的后面,如:
I am not good enough to do this job. (對)
I am not enough good to do this job. (錯)
3. 表示頻率的副詞常放在實意動詞之前,be動詞之后,如:
He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(實意動詞) tennis.
He is always here at 8’clock. (be動詞之后)
4. 部分副詞的位置沒有一定的規(guī)定,原則上接近被修飾詞即可,如:
only, even, still, perhaps, etc.
第四節(jié) 容易混淆的詞
D
考點:程度副詞
答案:D
應(yīng)改為:still more
解釋:程度副詞still修飾比較級more時,應(yīng)置于其前
幾點參考規(guī)則:
1. 多數(shù)副詞放在修飾的動詞之后,若動詞有賓語則放在賓語之后,如:
She sings very well.
I met your uncle(動詞的賓語) just now.
I met just now your uncle (錯)
2. 副詞修飾形容詞、介詞短語、副詞時常放在被修飾成分之前,如:
These two are only slightly different.
right after this, very smoothly 當然,副詞enough是一個例外,要放在修飾成分的后面,如:
I am not good enough to do this job. (對)
I am not enough good to do this job. (錯)
3. 表示頻率的副詞常放在實意動詞之前,be動詞之后,如:
He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(實意動詞) tennis.
He is always here at 8’clock. (be動詞之后)
4. 部分副詞的位置沒有一定的規(guī)定,原則上接近被修飾詞即可,如:
only, even, still, perhaps, etc.
第四節(jié) 容易混淆的詞
hard (努力,副詞) -h(huán)ardly (幾乎不,副詞)
close (接近,形容詞) -closely(接近,副詞)
near (接近,形容詞) -nearly (幾乎,副詞), nearby (ad
j.鄰近的)
most (大多數(shù)的,形容詞) -mostly(主要地,大部分 副詞)
late (遲、晚,形容詞) -lately (最近,副詞),later(adv
.稍后的)
high (高的,形容詞) -h(huán)ighly (adv. 非常,大大的)
另外: friendly(友好的), lovely(可愛的、有趣的),盡管詞尾有l(wèi)y, 但是都
是形
容詞
作主語:不定式短語可作主語
如:To see is to believe (百聞不如一見)
To work hard should be your major concern.
注意:由于英文不習慣句子主語過長,不定式主語常被形式主語it所代替(詳見第
十七章
)
例如上面第二句可以變?yōu)椋?nbsp;It should be your major concern to work hard. 又如: It is very nice of you to help me
不定式常接在名詞之后作定語,如:
something to read, nothing to do, anything to decla
re,
a lot to complain of, the right person to talk to, etc.
由上述例子不難看出不定式和被修飾詞間有動賓關(guān)系,因此不及物動詞之后必須加
上相
搭配的介詞(例如上面的complain + of, talk +to)
不定式定語還可表示將來的含義,如:in the years to follow, the meeting to
be
held in June
獨立主格的主語和句子主語不一致
如:(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn’t utter a word. (獨立
主格)
對于分詞來講其邏輯主語必須和句子的主語保持一致:
Filling his mouth with water, he couldn’t utter a word.
在TOEFL考試中,經(jīng)?;煜瓷泶~的寫法,結(jié)尾的-self和-selves經(jīng)常故意寫錯
反身代詞的用法
可以用來做賓語: He hurt himself when he fell.
可以用來做表語: He is not quite himself today. (他今天有些不舒服)
反身代詞經(jīng)常放在名詞或者代名詞的后面來進行強調(diào), 表示“親自”的意思
I myself do it.
I do it myself.
They made the research themselves.
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