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公共英語等級考試PETS語法輔導

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PETS 語法輔導:倒裝句型

  一、 倒裝句之全部倒裝

  全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用與一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有:

  1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。

  There goes the bell.

  Then came the chairman.

  Here is your letter.

  2) 表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首,謂語表示運動的動詞。

  Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.

  Ahead sat an old woman.

  注意:上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語必須是名詞,如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。例如:Here he comes. Away they went.

  二、倒裝句之部分倒裝

  部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞,則需添加助動詞do, does或did,并將其置于主語之前。

  1) 句首為否定或半否定的詞語,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。

  Never have I seen such a performance.

  Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.

  Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

   當Not until引出主從復(fù)合句,主句倒裝,從句不倒裝。

  注意: 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。

   I have never seen such a performance.

   The mother didn’t leave the room until the child fell asleep.

  典型例題

  1) Why can’t I smoke here? At no time___ in the meeting-room

  A. is smoking permittedB. smoking is permitted

  C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit

  答案A. 這是一個倒裝問題。當否定詞語置于句首以表示強調(diào)時,其句中的主謂須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。 這些否定詞包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本題的正常語序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.

  2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.

  A. man did know  B. man know  C. didn’t man know  D. did man know

  答案D.  看到Not until…的句型,我們知道為一倒裝句,答案在C,D 中選一個。改寫為正常語序為,Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 現(xiàn)在將not提前,后面就不能再用否定了,否則意思就變了。

  三、以否定詞開頭作部分倒裝

  如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than

  Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.

  Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.

  No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.

  典型例題

  No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.

  A. the game began  B. has the game begun

  C. did the game begin  D. had the game begun

  答案D. 以具有否定意義的副詞放在句首時,一般采用倒裝句(謂語前置)。這類表示否定意義的詞有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。

  注意:只有當Not only… but also連接兩個分句時,才在第一個分句用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如果置于句首的Not only… but also僅連接兩個并列詞語,不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

    Not only you but also I am fond of music.

  四、so, neither, nor作部分倒裝

  表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒裝。

  Tom can speak French. So can Jack.

  If you won’t go, neither will I.

  典型例題

  ---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?

  ---I don’t know, _____.

  A. nor don’t I careB. nor do I careC. I don’t care neitherD. I don’t care also

  答案:B. nor為增補意思"也不關(guān)心",因此句子應(yīng)倒裝。A錯在用 don’t 再次否定, C neither 用法不對且缺乏連詞。 D缺乏連詞。

    注意: 當so引出的句子用以對上文內(nèi)容加以證實或肯定時,不可用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。意為"的確如此"。

    Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.

    ---It’s raining hard. ---So it is.

  五、only在句首要倒裝的情況

    Only in this way, can you learn English well.

    Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.

    如果句子為主從復(fù)合句,則主句倒裝,從句不倒裝

    Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.

  六、as, though 引導的倒裝句

  as / though引導的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 (形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前)。

  注意:

    1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。

    2) 句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語,  隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。

   Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

  注意:

  讓步狀語從句中,有though,although時,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可連用。

  七、 其他部分倒裝

  1)  so… that 句型中的so 位于句首時,需倒裝。

   So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

  2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中:

  May you all be happy.

  3) 在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞,可將if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主語之前,采取部分倒裝。

    Were I you, I would try it again.

  典型例題:

  1) Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is

  A. man did know  B. man knew  C. didn’t man know  D. did man know

  答案為D. 否定詞Not在句首,要求用部分倒裝的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。

  2) Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.

  A. didn’t I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didn’t realize D. I realize

  答案為B。

  3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?

  I don’t know, ___.

  A. nor don’t I care  B. nor do I care

  C. I don’t care neither D. I don’t care also

  解析:答案為B. 句中的nor引出部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引導的倒裝句,表示前一情況的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
PETS 語法輔導:主謂一致

  主謂一致是指:

  1) 語法形式上要一致,即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語要一致。

  2) 意義上要一致,即主語意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。

  3) 就近原則,即謂語動詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語。

  一般來說,不可數(shù)名詞用動詞單數(shù),可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動詞復(fù)數(shù)。

     There is much water in the thermos.

  但當不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

     Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

  一、 并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時謂語用復(fù)數(shù)

  Reading and writing are very important. 注意: 當主語由and連結(jié)時,如果它表示一個單一的概念,即指同一人或同一物時,謂語動詞用單數(shù),and 此時連接的兩個詞前只有一個冠詞。The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.

  典型例題

  The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.

  A. isB. was  C. are  D. were

  答案B. 注: 先從時態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過去時,先排除A.,C.。本題易誤選D,因為The League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個人,但仔細辨別, monitor 前沒有the,在英語中,當一人兼數(shù)職時只在第一個職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and 相連。這樣本題主語為一個人,所以應(yīng)選B。

  二、主謂一致中的靠近原則

  1)當there be 句型的主語是一系列事物時,謂語應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語保持一致。

  There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..

  There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.

  2)當either… or… 與neither… nor, 連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞與最鄰近的主語保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引導,而主語又不止一個時,謂語通常也和最鄰近的主語一致。

  Either you or she is to go.

  Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

  三、謂語動詞與前面的主語一致

  當主語后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞引起的短語時,謂語動詞與前面的主語一致。

     The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.

     He as well as I wants to go boating.

  四、謂語需用單數(shù)

  1) 代詞each和由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語,或主語中含有each, every, 謂語需用單數(shù)。

     Each of us has a tape-recorder.

     There is something wrong with my watch.

  2) 當主語是一本書或一條格言時,謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。

     The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English.

     <<天方夜譚>>是英語愛好者熟悉的一本好書。

  3) 表示金錢,時間,價格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語 時,通常把這些名詞看作一個整體,謂語一般用單數(shù)。(用復(fù)數(shù)也可,意思不變。)

    Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.

    Ten yuan is enough.

  五、指代意義決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)

  1) 在代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。

   All is right.  (一切順利。)

   All are present.(所有人都到齊了。)

  2) 集體名詞作主語時,謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語的意思來決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后用復(fù)數(shù)形式時,意為這個集體中的各個成員,用單數(shù)時表示該個集體。

   His family isn’t very large.他家不是一個大家庭。

   His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音樂愛好者。

     但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

  Are there any police around?

  3)有些名詞,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時看作單數(shù),有時看作復(fù)數(shù)。

  A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動詞。

  The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動詞。

  A number of books have lent out.

  The majority of the students like English.

  六、與后接名詞或代詞保持一致

  1) 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等詞引起主語時,動詞通常與of后面的名詞,代詞保持一致。

  Most of his money is spent on books.

  Most of the students are taking an active part in sports.

  2) 在一些短語,如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時,謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than… of 作主語時,動詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。

     Many a person has read the novel. 許多人都讀過這本書。

     More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學生都來自這個城市。

PETS 語法輔導:獨立主格

  一、獨立主格介紹

  (一): 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成:

  名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞;

  名詞(代詞)+形容詞;

  名詞(代詞)+副詞;

  名詞(代詞)+不定式;

  名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構(gòu)成。

 ?。ǘ?獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點:

  1)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。

  2)名詞或代詞與后面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定 式,介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。

  3)獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與主句分開。

  舉例:

  The test finished, we began our holiday.

  = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.

  考試結(jié)束了,我們開始放假。

  The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.

  = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.

  總統(tǒng)被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

  Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.

  如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。

  This done, we went home.

  工作完成后,我們才回家。

  The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.

  會議結(jié)束后,每個人都想早點回家。

  He came into the room, his ears red with cold.

  他回到了房子里,耳朵凍壞了。

  He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.

  他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館

  二、With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨立主格

  表伴隨時,既可用分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu),也可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。

  with +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語

  舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.

  = He stood there, with his hand raise.

  典型例題

  The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。

  A. being tied  B. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied

  答案D. with +名詞(代詞)+分詞+介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)。當分詞表示伴隨狀況時,其主語常常用with來引導。由于本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動關(guān)系,因此用過去分詞,選D.

  三、注意事項:

  1) 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)使用介詞的問題:

  當介詞是in時,其前后的兩個名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞),也不用復(fù)數(shù)。但 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制:

  A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.

    ( hand前不能加his)。

  2) 當表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時,及物動詞用現(xiàn)在分 詞,不及物動詞用過去分詞。

  He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

  典型例題:

  Weather___, we’ll go out for a walk.

  A permitted  B permitting  C permits  D for permitting

  答案B. 本題中沒有連詞,它不是復(fù)合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗號,且we 小寫,可知其不是兩個簡單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨立主格或with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。據(jù)此判斷,本句中使用的是獨立結(jié)構(gòu), 其結(jié)構(gòu)為:名詞+分詞。 由于permit在這里翻譯為’天氣允許’,表主動,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞,故選B。

  如果不會判斷獨立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語的形式,不妨將句子改為條件句,例如本句改為If weather permits, we’ll go out for a walk. 然后將if 去掉,再將謂語動詞改為非謂語動詞即可。

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