2014年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)(理工類(lèi))教材補(bǔ)全短文文章及譯文6

　　Dung to Death

　　Fields across Europe are contaminated with dangerous levels of the antibiotics given to farm animals. The drugs, which are in manure sprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could be getting into our food and water, helping to create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs”.2

　　The warning comes from a researcher in Switzerland who looked at levels of the drugs in farm slurry. ____1____

　　Some 20,000 tons of antibiotics are used in the European Union and the US each year. More than half are given to farm-animals to prevent disease and promote growth. ____2____

　　Most researchers assumed that humans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat3. But far more of the drugs end up in manure than in meat products, says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology m Dubendorf. ____3____

　　With millions of tons of animals manure spread onto fields of crops such as wheat and barley each year, this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance,4 he said. The drugs contaminate the crops, which are then eaten. ____4____

　　Mueller is particularly concerned about a group of antibiotics called sulphonamides. ____5____ His analysis found that Swiss farm manure contains a high percentage of sulphonamides; each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs. This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria.5 But vets are not treating the issue seriously.

　　There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and are not broken down by conventional sewage treatment.

　　詞匯：

　　antibiotic 抗生素 slurry 泥漿

　　barley 大麥 sulphonamide 磺胺

　　degrade 衰減 dissolve /溶解

　　vet 獸醫(yī) excrete排泄

　　注釋?zhuān)?/P>

　　1.dung to death：施肥致死，dung這個(gè)詞原為名詞，意為“牲畜的糞便，糞肥”，這里作動(dòng)詞用，意為“施以糞肥”。

　　2.…create a new generation of antibiotic-resistant “superbugs”：產(chǎn)生新一代對(duì)抗生素有抗藥性的“超級(jí)病菌”。

　　3.…h(huán)umans become infected with the resistant strains by eating contaminated meat：吃了受到污染的肉，人也會(huì)傳染上這種有抗藥性的菌株。strain ―詞在微生物學(xué)里指“菌株”。

　　4.... this pathway seems an equally likely route for spreading resistance ：這一途徑似乎同樣可能傳播抗藥性。

　　5.This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria：這一濃度篼得足以促使細(xì)菌形成抗藥性。這一濃度(This concentration)指前一句中說(shuō)的在瑞士農(nóng)場(chǎng)，每公頃農(nóng)田受到高達(dá)1千克藥物的污染。

　　練習(xí)：

　　A　They do not easily degrade or dissolve in water.

　　B　And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistar.t to antibiotics, he says.

　　C　Animal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid.

　　D　But recent research has found a direct link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people.

　　E　His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed.

　　F　They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields.

　　答案與題解：

　　1.E　本句中包含he這個(gè)代詞，故上文中必定有它的先行詞，his findings又表明此人應(yīng)該是從事科研工作的，句中又提到Switzerland，考慮這種種因素，填入E是正確的。

　　2.D　前兩句講的是抗生素在歐洲和美國(guó)的大量使用，D項(xiàng)講的是由此導(dǎo)致的不良后果，接上去是最合理不過(guò)的。But明確地表明了這一轉(zhuǎn)折。

　　3.B　選項(xiàng)B中有兩處提示，一是本句結(jié)尾處的he says，說(shuō)明上文中必提到一個(gè)被引用的人;二是句首的And，這個(gè)詞表明，這句的內(nèi)容可能是前一句的延續(xù)。前一句引的S. Mueller說(shuō)的話(huà)，講到在肥料中滯留的藥物比肉類(lèi)產(chǎn)品中的多得多。這句話(huà)則繼續(xù)引用Mueller的話(huà)，進(jìn)一步說(shuō)肥料中對(duì)抗生素有抗藥性的病菌含量特別篼。

　　4.F　選項(xiàng)F中的also一詞說(shuō)明前面應(yīng)講到過(guò)類(lèi)似的內(nèi)容。這句講的是這些藥物可能從施過(guò)肥料的農(nóng)田下面的巖石瀝濾到自來(lái)水里去;前面一句講的是受到這些藥物污染的谷物被人食用，這兩句講的都是這些藥物如何對(duì)人類(lèi)造成威脅。

　　5.A　選項(xiàng)A中的主語(yǔ)They提示我們應(yīng)該尋找一個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)的先行詞，根據(jù)句子的意思：……既不衰減又不溶于水，這個(gè)they指的不是人而是物，我們?cè)谏弦痪淅镎业絪ulphonamides這個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)形式的名詞，從意思上看也合適。

　　譯文：施肥致死

　　歐洲田野被濃度危險(xiǎn)的牲畜抗生素所污染。這些肥料中的藥物被噴灑到田野上當(dāng)作肥料，它們可以進(jìn)入我們的食物和水中，促進(jìn)產(chǎn)生新一代對(duì)抗生素有抗藥性的“超級(jí)病菌”。

　　這個(gè)警告來(lái)自瑞士的一個(gè)研究者，他關(guān)注農(nóng)場(chǎng)泥漿中藥物的濃度。他的發(fā)現(xiàn)非常令人震驚，因?yàn)槿鹗渴巧贁?shù)的幾個(gè)禁止把抗生素作為動(dòng)物飼料催長(zhǎng)劑的國(guó)家之一。

　　每年大約有2萬(wàn)噸的抗生素被用于歐盟和美國(guó)。其中一半以上被用于牲畜防病和促進(jìn)生長(zhǎng)。但是最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了這種農(nóng)業(yè)藥物的增加使用和感染人類(lèi)的對(duì)抗抗生素藥性的病毒之間的直接聯(lián)系。

　　大部分研究者假設(shè)人類(lèi)吃了受到污染的肉也會(huì)傳染上這種有抗藥性的菌株。但是杜本多弗的瑞士聯(lián)邦環(huán)境科學(xué)技術(shù)學(xué)院的Stephen Mueller說(shuō)，這種藥物最后留在肥料中的比在肉制品中的多得多。他說(shuō)肥料中含有特別高濃高度的抗抗生素藥性的病菌。

　　他說(shuō)，隨著每年上百萬(wàn)噸的動(dòng)物肥料被噴灑到小麥和大麥等谷物的田地里，這一途徑似乎同樣可能傳播抗藥性。這些藥物污染谷物，然后這些谷物被食用。它們還有可能滲透到從施肥后的田地下的巖石中抽上來(lái)的自來(lái)水里。

　　Mueller對(duì)叫做磺胺的抗生素群感到尤其擔(dān)心。它們不容易降解或溶解于水。他的分析發(fā)現(xiàn)瑞士的農(nóng)業(yè)肥料含有高比例的磺胺，每公頃土地被1千克的這種藥劑所污染。這一濃度高得足以促使細(xì)菌形成抗藥性。但是獸醫(yī)們并沒(méi)有嚴(yán)肅地對(duì)待這一問(wèn)題。

　　人們?cè)絹?lái)越關(guān)心包括抗生素的這些藥物在多大程度上污染環(huán)境。許多人類(lèi)服用的藥物也未經(jīng)改變地被排泄出來(lái)，而且沒(méi)有被傳統(tǒng)的污水處理系統(tǒng)分解。