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2014年職稱英語(綜合類)教材閱讀判斷文章及譯文13

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  點(diǎn)擊進(jìn)入:2014年職稱英語(綜合類)教材閱讀判斷文章匯總

  綜合類-閱讀判斷  

  A Dog’s Dilemma

  Finding a babysitter while you go out to work is, for example, an inconvenience. For the African wild dog, one of the continents’s most endangered carnivores, it’s a matter of life and death. New research shows that once packs fall below a certain size, they are not enough animals to both hunt food and stay at home protecting the young.

  The African wild dog has declined drastically over the past century. Habitual loss, persecution and unexplained outbreaks of disease have all been blamed. Only 3,000 to 5,000 animals remain, and the species is expected to go extinct within decades if the trend continues.

  Other large carnivores such as the spotted hyena face similar pressures, yet are not declining. Now Franck Courchamp of Cambridge University has found a reason why. The dog’s weakness lies in its social organization.

  Within each pack of up to 20 adults and pups, only he dominant male and female bread. The remaining animals help raise the pups, cooperating to hunt prey and defend the kill from other carnivores.

  Because pups can’t keep up on a hunt, large packs leave an adult behind to protect them from predators, which include lions and hyenas. But leaving a babysitter also carries costs. A smaller hunting party is less able to tackle large prey and to defend the kill. There is also one less stomach in which to carry food back to the den, and one more mouth to feed when they get there.

  Courchamp investigated this awkward trade-off by modeling how the costs of a babysitter change with decreasing pack size. This showed that packs of more than five adults should be able to feed all the pups and still spare a babysitter. But with smaller packs, either the hunting or the babysitting suffers, or the animals have to compensate by increasing he number of hunting excursions―which itself carries a cost to the pack.

  Field observations in Zimbabwe supported the model. Packs of five animals or fewer left pups unguarded more frequently than larger packs did. There was also evidence that when they did leave a babysitter, they were forced to hunt more often.

  A pack which drops below a critical size becomes caught in a vicious circle, says Courchamp, who is now at Paris-Sud University. “Poor reproduction and low survival further reduces pack size, culminating in failure of the whole pack.” And deaths caused by human activity, says Courchamp, may be what reduces pack numbers to below the sustainable threshold. Mammal ecologist Chris Carbone at London’s Institute of Zoology agrees. Maintaining the integrity of wild dog packs will be vital in preserving the species, he says.

  詞匯:

  carnivore 食肉動物 hyena 鬣狗

  pup 小狗 prey 被捕食的動物

  predator 捕食者 culminate 告終,達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)

  integrity 完整 Zimbabwe 津巴布韋

  注釋:

  1.A smaller hunting party is less able to tackle large prey and to defend the kill.:一個(gè)較小的捕獵群體不太容易捕捉大動物,也不太容易保衛(wèi)獵獲物。

  2. A pack which drops below a critical size becomes caught in a vicious circle, says Courchamp:Courchamp說,“一個(gè)群體的規(guī)模降到警戒線以下時(shí)就會陷入惡性循環(huán)?!?/P>

  練習(xí)

  1.The African wild dog has been endangered.

  A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

  2. The spotted hyena is on the verge of extinction.

  A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

  3. The remaining lions will die out within decades.

  A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

  4. The dominant female is always left behind to protect the young.

  A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

  5. There is a tension between babysitting and hunting.

  A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

  6. The size of a pack must be big enough for it to survive.

  A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

  7. Steps will be taken to protect the African wild dog.

  A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned

  答案與題解:

  1.A本題是這么說的:非洲野狗有瀕臨滅絕的危險(xiǎn)。文章第二段是這么說的:The African wild dog has declined drastically over the past century... the species is expected to go extinct within decades if the trend continues.在過去的一個(gè)世紀(jì)里,非洲野狗的數(shù)量急劇下降……如 果這個(gè)勢頭繼續(xù)下去的話,在數(shù)十年里,這個(gè)物種就會滅絕。

  2.B本題說的是帶斑點(diǎn)的鬣狗瀕臨滅絕。文章第三段是這么說的:其他的大型食肉動物, 如帶斑點(diǎn)的鬣狗面臨著類似的壓力,但數(shù)量并沒有下降??梢?,題目說的跟文章說的不 符。

  3.C本題說:剩下的獅子在幾十年里都會死光。文章提到了 “獅子”,但沒有說獅子也是瀕臨 滅絕的一種大型食肉動物,盡管事實(shí)確實(shí)如此。注意:我們是考對文章的理解,而不是考世界知識。

  4.B該題是這么說的:占支配地位的母狗總是留下來保護(hù)小狗。文章有這么一句話:Within each pack of up to 20 adults and pups, only the dominant male and female breed.在一個(gè)包括多 達(dá)20只大小狗的狗群中,只有占支配地位的母狗和公狗可以產(chǎn)仔。又說:Because pups can't keep up on a hunt, large packs leave an adult behind to protect them from predators, which include lions and hyenas.因?yàn)樾」吩讷C食時(shí)跟不上來,大的狗群會留下一只成年的狗來保護(hù) 它們而不受包括獅子、鬣狗在內(nèi)的捕食動物的傷害。這兩句話提到了占支配地位的母狗和 誰來保護(hù)小狗,可以看出,本題表達(dá)的命題跟文章的內(nèi)容是不符的。

  5. A該題說的是:看護(hù)小狗與獵食是不能統(tǒng)一的。第五段是這么說的:But leaving a babysitter also carries costs. A smaller hunting party is less able to tackle large prey and to defend the kill.但是留下一只看護(hù)狗也是要付出代價(jià)的。一個(gè)較小的捕獵群體不太容易捕捉大動物,也不 太容易保衛(wèi)獵獲物。這就是矛盾。文章其他地方也提到了這一點(diǎn)。

  6.A該題說的是:一個(gè)群體必須足夠大才能生存下來。這個(gè)命題是正確的。解釋可見注釋2。

  7.C該題說:將?取措施保護(hù)非洲野狗。文章最后一句話:Maintaining the integrity of wild dog packs will be vital in preserving the species, he says.他說保持非洲野狗群的完整對保護(hù) 該物種是重要的。但文章沒有說將?取何種措施保護(hù)非洲野狗。

  譯文:狗的兩難境地

  例如,當(dāng)你出去工作時(shí)找一個(gè)臨時(shí)照顧孩子的保姆是很不方便的。而對于大陸上最有滅絕危險(xiǎn)的食肉動物之非洲野狗來說,這是一件生死攸關(guān)的事情。新的研究顯示,一旦一個(gè)動物群低于某種規(guī)模,就沒有足夠的動物既去捕獵又留在家里保護(hù)幼崽。

  在過去的一個(gè)世紀(jì)里,非洲野狗的數(shù)量急劇下降。原因是慣常的損失、殘害和莫名其妙的疾 病的暴發(fā)。目前只剩下3千到5千只野狗,如果這個(gè)勢頭繼續(xù)下去的話,在數(shù)十年里,這個(gè)物種 就會滅絕。

  其他“大型食肉動物,如帶斑點(diǎn)的鬣狗也面臨著類似的壓力,但數(shù)量并沒有下降。現(xiàn)在,劍 橋大學(xué)的富蘭克?顧尚已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了原因。狗的弱點(diǎn)在于它的社會組織。

  在一個(gè)包括多達(dá)20只大小狗的狗群中,只有占支配地位的母狗和公狗可以產(chǎn)仔。其他的狗幫 助撫養(yǎng)小狗,共同捕獵和防御其他食肉動物的捕殺。

  因?yàn)樾」吩讷C食時(shí)跟不上來,大的狗群會留下一只成年的狗來保護(hù)它們而不受包括獅子、鬣 狗在內(nèi)的捕食動物的傷害。但是留下一只看護(hù)狗也是要付出代價(jià)的。一個(gè)較小的捕獵群體不太容 易捕捉大動物,也不太容易保衛(wèi)獵獲物。而且少了一個(gè)帶食回窩的胃,回到窩還多了一張吃東西的嘴。

  顧尚通過模擬隨著狗群的減小看護(hù)狗的代價(jià)的變化研究這種兩難境地。研究顯示,多于五只 成年狗的狗群應(yīng)該能夠喂養(yǎng)所有的小狗,并仍然能留一只狗做看護(hù)狗。但是規(guī)模稍小的狗群中, 捕獵或看護(hù)小狗都會遭受損失,要么這些狗就得增加出獵的次數(shù)作為彌補(bǔ)――這本身就需要狗群 付出代價(jià)。

  在津巴布韋進(jìn)行的野外觀察支持這一結(jié)論。包括五只或五只以下成年狗的狗群比規(guī)模大些的 狗群更經(jīng)常地把小狗獨(dú)自留下,而沒有看護(hù)。還有證據(jù)表明,當(dāng)它們留下一只看護(hù)狗時(shí),它們不 得不更經(jīng)常地捕獵。

  現(xiàn)在在巴黎大學(xué)的顧尚說,一個(gè)群體的規(guī)模降到警戒線以下時(shí)就會陷入惡性循環(huán)。“少量的 繁殖和低存活率進(jìn)一步減小了狗群的規(guī)模,最終導(dǎo)致整個(gè)狗群的消亡?!鳖櫳姓f人類行為導(dǎo)致的 死亡可能是使狗群成員數(shù)量低于可維持的最低點(diǎn)的原因。倫敦動物學(xué)研究所的哺乳動物生態(tài)學(xué)家 克里斯?卡波恩也同意這種說法。他說保持非洲野狗群的完整對保護(hù)該物種是重要的。

  2014年職稱英語考前復(fù)習(xí)必讀攻略      2014年職稱英語老師輔導(dǎo)輕松通關(guān)

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