2014年職稱英語(yǔ)(衛(wèi)生類)教材閱讀理解文章及譯文13

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　　衛(wèi)生類-閱讀理解　　

　　Drug Reactions ― a Major Cause of Death

　　Adverse drug reactions may cause the deaths of over 100,000 US hospital patients each year, making them a leading cause of death nationwide1, according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

　　“The incidence of serious and fatal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in US hospitals was found to be extremely high,” say researchers at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada.

　　They carried on an analysis of 39 ADR-related studies2 at US hospitals over the past 30 years and defined an ADR as “any harmful, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug which occurs at doses used in humans for prevention, diagnosis, or therapy.”3

　　An average 6.7% of all hospitalized patients experience an ADR every year, according to the reasearchers.They estimate that "in 1994, overall 2，216 000 hospitalized patients had serious ADRs, and 106,000 had fatal ADRs." This means that ADRs may rank as the fourth single largest cause of death in America.4

　　And these incidence figures are probably conservative, the researchers add, since their ADR definition did not include outcomes linked to problems in drug administration, overdoses, drug abuse, and therapeutic failures5.

　　The control of ADRs also means spending more money. One US study estimated the overall cost of treating ADRs at up to $4 billion per year.

　　Dr. David Bates of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, believes that healthcare workers need to pay more attention to the problem, especially since many ADRs are easily preventable. "When a patient develops an allergy or sensitivity, it is often not recorded,"Bates notes6, "and patients receive drugs to which they have known allergies or sensitivities with disturbing frequency.”7 He. believes computerized surveillance systems still works-in-progress at many of the nation's hospitals8 ― should help cut down the frequency of these types of errors.

　　詞匯：

　　reaction 反應(yīng)，作用

　　conservative 保守的，守舊的;穩(wěn)當(dāng)?shù)?/P>

　　adverse 不利的，有害的

　　incidence 發(fā)生率;發(fā)生

　　define .解釋，給……下定義

　　diagnosis .診斷(法)，診斷結(jié)論

　　sensitivity 過(guò)敏(性);敏感

　　hospitalize 送進(jìn)……醫(yī)院治療

　　surveillance 監(jiān)督，檢查，監(jiān)管

　　注釋：

　　1.making them a leading cause of death nationwide：使它們?cè)谌珖?guó)范圍內(nèi)成為導(dǎo)致死亡最重的原因之一的原因之一

　　2.ADR-related studies：涉及用藥不良反應(yīng)的研究

　　3.any harmful, unintended, and undesired effect of a drug for prevention, diagnosis, or therapy：用于人體預(yù)防、診斷及治療目的的藥物劑量造成的任何有害、非故意和不良的后果

　　4.This means that ADRs may rank as the fourth single largest cause of death in America這意味著用藥不良反應(yīng)在美國(guó)可列為引起死亡的第四大單項(xiàng)因素。動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)“rank as”意為“排行為”，“列為”。

　　5.since their ADR definition did not include outcomes linked to problems in drug administration, overdoses, drug abuse, and therapeutic failures：因?yàn)樗麄儗?duì)用藥不良反應(yīng)下的定義不包括錯(cuò)誤服藥、過(guò)量用藥、濫用藥物和治療失敗所造成的后果。

　　6.“When a patient develops an allergy or sensitivity, it is often not recorded,”Bates notes...：“當(dāng)一個(gè)病人產(chǎn)生了(藥物)過(guò)敏時(shí)，往往沒(méi)有記錄下來(lái)，”貝茨指出……實(shí)際上，“allergy”和"sensitivity "是“藥物過(guò)敏”的不同說(shuō)法。句中"note"的意思是"記下"、"寫(xiě)下"或"指出"。

　　7.and patients receive drugs to which they have known allergies or sensitives with disturbing frequency：這是整個(gè)并列句的第二部分。其中，主語(yǔ)為patients，謂語(yǔ)是receive，賓語(yǔ)是drugs，后面有定語(yǔ)從句to which they have known allergies or sensitivities作為它的修飾語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)部分的意思是：“已知道他們對(duì)其有過(guò)敏反應(yīng)的藥物”：最后是一個(gè)借此短語(yǔ)with disturbing frequency作方式狀語(yǔ)，字面意思是的是：以使人不安的頻率。整句話意為：令人不安的是，病人常常服用那些他們已知道對(duì)其有變態(tài)反應(yīng)和過(guò)敏反應(yīng)的藥物。

　　8.still works-in-progress at many of the nation’s hospitals：……在國(guó)內(nèi)的許多醫(yī)院里還是一個(gè)正在逐步建立起來(lái)的措施……

　　練習(xí)：

　　1.Researchers at the University of Toronto believe that _________.

　　A　ADRs have caused medical problems, though they seldom lead to death.

　　B　ADRs have very often caused patients to die in Canada.

　　C　ADRs have caused many deaths in America over the past 30 years.

　　D　it is easy to prevent ADRs from happening.

　　2.The investigators say that _________.

　　A　67 patients out of 100 in every American hospital die from ADRs each year.

　　B　67 patients out of 100 in every American hospital experience an ADR each year.

　　C　6.7% of all hospitalized patients in America experience ADRs each year on average.

　　D　6.7% of all hospitalized patients in Canada experience ADRs each year on average.

　　3.An American research estimates that the total sum of money spent in treating ADRs each year is as much as _________.

　　A　$40,000,000,000.

　　B　$4,000,000,000.

　　C　$400,000,000.

　　D　$40,000,000.

　　4.The Canadian investigators think that the ADR incidence figures from their research _________.

　　A　are surely very exact.

　　B　are probably higher than the real amount.

　　C　are perhaps less than the real amount.

　　D　are probably groundless.

　　5.According to Dr. David Bates, hospitals in America _________.

　　A　are not paying enough attention to possibilities of ADR happenings.

　　B　have never tried to use computers to prevent ADRs from happening.

　　C　do not use those drugs which will cause side effects to their patients.

　　D　know that many ADRs are easily preventable.

　　答案與題解：

　　1.C本文第一段第一句話就提到了ADR可以造成死亡，第二段和第四段中都用fatal(致命的)一詞來(lái)說(shuō)明ADR，并且這種現(xiàn)象在美國(guó)還很嚴(yán)重，因此選項(xiàng)A是錯(cuò)誤的。選項(xiàng)B也是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槲闹胁](méi)有提到在加拿大ADR引起死亡的情況;選項(xiàng)D與文章最后一段的貝茨醫(yī)生所說(shuō)的話相符合，但文中并沒(méi)有提到加拿大的研究者也說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話，所以也不是正確的選項(xiàng)。只有C與題意一致。

　　2.C文章第四段的第一句話說(shuō)到調(diào)查者的研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，在美國(guó)每年平均有6.7%的住院病人經(jīng)歷過(guò)ADR。這是一個(gè)平均數(shù)，只有C項(xiàng)才符合題意。

　　3.B這是一道數(shù)字辨認(rèn)題，線索在第六段。一個(gè)“billion”應(yīng)理解為“十億”，故B項(xiàng)是正確答案。

　　4.C做對(duì)這一題的關(guān)鍵在于把握第五段第一句話中的conservative的意義。

　　5.A文章最后一段3～5行說(shuō)到醫(yī)生對(duì)防止用藥不良反應(yīng)不夠重視：不做過(guò)敏記錄，也不顧病人的過(guò)敏史而隨意用藥。所以，A項(xiàng)是正確答案。

　　譯文：藥物反應(yīng)――導(dǎo)致死亡的主要原因

　　《美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)雜志》曾登載一篇報(bào)告說(shuō),美國(guó)每年有10萬(wàn)多名病人死于藥物反應(yīng)。藥物反應(yīng)在美國(guó)已成為導(dǎo)致死亡最重要的原因之一。

　　加拿大安大略多倫多大學(xué)的研究人員說(shuō)：“在美國(guó),嚴(yán)重的和致命的藥物反應(yīng)發(fā)生的頻率極高?！?/P>

　　研究者對(duì)美國(guó)醫(yī)院過(guò)去30年有關(guān)用藥不良反應(yīng)的39種研究成果進(jìn)行了分析。將用藥不良反應(yīng)定義為“藥物劑量用于人體預(yù)防、診斷及治療目的而造成的任何有害、非故意和不良的效果”。

　　根據(jù)這項(xiàng)研究，平均有6. 7%的住院病人每年有一次用藥不良反應(yīng)。研究人員估計(jì),“1994年共有2,216,000名住院病人出現(xiàn)了嚴(yán)重的用藥不良反應(yīng),106,000名病人出現(xiàn)了致命的不良反應(yīng)。”這意味著用藥不良反應(yīng)在美國(guó)可列為引起死亡的第四大單項(xiàng)因素。

　　研究者補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，這些數(shù)字也許只是保守的，因?yàn)樗麄儗?duì)用藥不良反應(yīng)下的定義，不包括錯(cuò)誤服藥、過(guò)量用藥、濫用藥物和治療失敗所造成的后果。

　　控制藥物不良反應(yīng)也意味著花費(fèi)更多的錢。一項(xiàng)美國(guó)研究估計(jì)，治療藥物不良反應(yīng)的總費(fèi)用，每年高達(dá)40億美元。

　　馬薩諸塞州波士頓婦科醫(yī)院的醫(yī)生David Bates認(rèn)為許多用藥不良反應(yīng)是很容易預(yù)防的，因此醫(yī)護(hù)人員應(yīng)該多加注意這個(gè)問(wèn)題?！爱?dāng)一個(gè)病人產(chǎn)生了變態(tài)反應(yīng)或過(guò)敏反應(yīng)時(shí)，醫(yī)護(hù)人員往往沒(méi)有記錄下來(lái)，”Bates指出，“令人不安的是，病人常常服用那些明知會(huì)有變態(tài)反應(yīng)和過(guò)敏反應(yīng)的藥物?！?Bates相信在國(guó)內(nèi)許多醫(yī)院里逐步建立起來(lái)的電腦化監(jiān)督系統(tǒng)將有助于減少這種工作上的失誤。

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