2014年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)(衛(wèi)生類(lèi))教材概括大意文章及譯文14

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　　衛(wèi)生類(lèi)-概括大意　

　　A Baby’s Growth

　　1　To describe a baby’s growth, the old saying “one thing leads to another” should really read，“one thing leads to an explosion.”1 The perfection of vision and the ability to hold his head up allow appreciation of visual space. The evolution of increasingly efficient reaching also lets the baby appreciate and participate in his three-dimensional world.

　　2　You may notice that your baby can grab toys with either hand. This is partly because the baby has learned to grasp an object even if it touches his hand lightly or his eyes are averted. By the end of the fourth month, he can probably alternate hands to grab the toys or transfer a toy from one hand to the other. He may even wave it briskly, then transfer it and repeat the waving, shuttling it back and forth between hands. In imitating the behavior of one hand with the other, the baby may be becoming aware that he can do the same thing with each arm and that each hand is distinct from the other. This awareness is important to his receiving information about space. The baby also begins to see himself act when he repeatedly reaches for and grasps things. He starts to distinguish himself from the outer world.

　　3　If you would like another sign of this growth process, try one of Gesell’s measures of mental growth, the behavior of a baby before a mirror. According to Gesell, a baby will smile at his image at around twenty weeks of age. Hold your baby up to a mirror and watch him examine the faces there.2 He will probably attend most to his own image and perhaps smile at it. As his image returns the smile, he may become active and vocalize. He may also look back and forth between your image and you as if the duplication puzzles him. A baby who knows his mother’s face cannot understand two of them. Calling softly to your baby, as he looks at your confusing double, complicates matters even further.3 His turning back to the real you shows that a baby four months old is likely to have the ability of preference in discrimination.4

　　4　An early attachment to one object ―a toy or a stuffed animal ―is another index of discrimination, as well as self-development, for the baby’s interests are going beyond himself.5 Most babies do not prefer one toy this early6, but some will. After exploring each toy, your baby may start reaching and playing with one special one. In the months to come, the toy or anything else the baby identifies with himself by wearing or carrying may become a "lovely". A "lovely" will be slept with, chewed, hugged, loved, and "talked to". These "lovelies" give the baby a way of coping with the necessary separations from the mother.7 A friendly and familiar toy bear may just make him easier on himself. Rather than feeling threatened, a mother should be flattered by her baby’s extension of affection elsewhere. A baby with the heart to find a "lovey" is showing early mental resourcefulness and flexibility.

　　詞匯：

　　dimension .尺度，維(數(shù)) avert 轉(zhuǎn)移

　　shuttle 穿梭往返，來(lái)回交換 imitate 模仿，仿效

　　duplication 副本，復(fù)制 discrimination 辨別，區(qū)別;辨別力;歧視

　　attachment 附加，配屬;喜愛(ài) resourcefulness 足智多謀

　　flexibility 適應(yīng)性，靈活性

　　注釋?zhuān)?/P>

　　1.To describe a baby’s growth, the old saying “one thing leads to another”should really read, “one thing leads to an explosion.”要描全一個(gè)嬰兒的成長(zhǎng)，我們應(yīng)該把諺語(yǔ)“一事引起另一事”改為“一事引起大風(fēng)波”。explosion原意為“爆炸”，此處可理解為“蓬勃發(fā)展”。此句的意思是孩子的發(fā)育成長(zhǎng)是極為迅速的。

　　2.Hold your baby up to a mirror and watch him examine the faces there.將你的孩子抱到鏡子前面，觀察他如何看鏡子里的臉。watch, see, hear等表示感官的動(dòng)詞之后加不帶to的不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。又如：I did not hear him leave.

　　3.Calling softly to your baby, as he looks at your confusing double, complicates matters even further.當(dāng)你的寶貝看著鏡子里你那個(gè)令他不解的“復(fù)制品”時(shí)，你如果輕輕地叫他，會(huì)使他更加迷惑不解。

　　4.His turning back to the real you shows that a baby four months old is likely to have the ability of preference in discrimination.他轉(zhuǎn)向真實(shí)的你，表明四個(gè)月的嬰兒很可能具有在辨別中有所偏向的能力。His turning back to the real you是動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，意指轉(zhuǎn)身這一動(dòng)作。

　　5.An early attachment to one object ― a toy or a stuffed animal ― is another index of discrimination, as well as self-development, for the baby’s interests are going beyond himself.嬰兒早期對(duì)某物品(如一件玩具或填充動(dòng)物玩具)的喜愛(ài)不僅是自我發(fā)展的標(biāo)志，也是具有鑒別能力的另一標(biāo)志，因?yàn)檫@時(shí)嬰兒的興趣已超出了自我之外。as well as的意思與in addition to相同。又如：I like literature as well as economics.本句中for是附帶表示原因的連接詞。

　　6.this early = so early。這里this是副詞。

　　7.These “l(fā)oveies”give the baby a way of coping with the necessary separations from the mother.這些“受寵玩具”使孩子在不得不離開(kāi)母親時(shí)有一個(gè)獨(dú)處的方法。lovey是打招呼用語(yǔ)，意為“親愛(ài)的”，“朋友”。

　　練習(xí)：

　　1.Paragraph l _________.

　　2.Paragraph 2 _________.

　　3.Paragraph 3 _________.

　　4.Paragraph 4 _________.

　　A　Gesell's Measure of the Baby's Mental Growth

　　B　Growth of the Baby Through Playing with Toys

　　C　The Baby's Confusion in Front of a Mirror

　　D　Significance of Each Stage of Development in a Baby's Life

　　E　The Baby's Love for "Lovelies" Indicates Early Mental Resourcefulness and Flexibility

　　F　The Functions of a "Lovey"

　　5.The baby’s ability to sense the visual space owes to _________.

　　6.In imitating the behavior of one hand with the other, the baby is able to _________.

　　7.A　baby will smile at his image at _________.

　　8.The baby’s extension of affection should make the mother _________.

　　A　around twenty weeks of age

　　B　feel flattered

　　C　tell one hand from the other

　　D　the perfection of vision and the ability to hold his head up

　　E　has preference among his toys

　　F　explore his toys

　　答案與題解：

　　1.D　第一段指出在嬰兒的生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中，一個(gè)發(fā)展可以引起一系列更為重要的發(fā)展。因此應(yīng)選擇D。

　　2.B　第二段描寫(xiě)了嬰兒玩玩具的一些動(dòng)作，進(jìn)而指出這些動(dòng)作對(duì)嬰兒發(fā)展的重要性。所以應(yīng)選擇B。

　　3.A　第三段闡述如何使用Gesell的方法借用鏡子測(cè)量嬰兒的智力發(fā)展。所以應(yīng)選擇A。

　　4.E　第四段指出有了鐘愛(ài)的玩具證明嬰兒有了對(duì)外界的適應(yīng)性。所以應(yīng)選擇E。

　　5.D　第一段中指出，嬰兒視覺(jué)的完善和將頭抬起的能力使其能夠欣賞周?chē)氖澜纭Ｒ虼藨?yīng)選擇D。

　　6.C　第二段闡明，通過(guò)用一只手模仿另一只手的動(dòng)作，嬰兒逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到一只手與另一只手的區(qū)別。因此應(yīng)選擇C。

　　7.A　第三段在闡述Gesell測(cè)量嬰兒智力發(fā)展的方法時(shí)提到，嬰兒可在20周左右對(duì)自己的形象微笑。所以應(yīng)選擇A。

　　8.B　第四段指出孩子喜好的延伸是嬰兒適應(yīng)性發(fā)展的證明。因此，母親不應(yīng)感到有任何不安，而應(yīng)感到驕傲。所以應(yīng)選擇B。

　　譯文：嬰兒的成長(zhǎng)

　　要描述一個(gè)嬰兒的成長(zhǎng)，我們應(yīng)該把諺語(yǔ)“一事引起另一事”改為“一事引起大風(fēng)波”。視覺(jué)的完善和支撐起頭的能力使孩子能夠欣賞視覺(jué)空間了。越來(lái)越有效的夠東西的能力也使孩子能夠欣賞和參與到他們的三維世界中去。

　　你可能注意到你的孩子可以用兩只手的任何一只抓玩具。這部分是因?yàn)楹⒆訉W(xué)會(huì)了當(dāng)東西碰到他的手或吸引他的目光時(shí)去抓那件東西。到第四個(gè)月的月末，他很可能會(huì)用雙手輪流抓玩具或把一件玩具從一只手換到另一只手。他甚至?xí)焖俚負(fù)u晃它，或換一只手繼續(xù)搖晃，讓它在兩只手之間換來(lái)?yè)Q去。在一只手模仿另一只手的過(guò)程中，孩子可能漸漸意識(shí)到他可以用每只胳膊做同樣的事，而且每只手和另一只手不同。這種意識(shí)對(duì)于他解釋空間信息是很重要的。當(dāng)孩子反復(fù)夠和抓東西時(shí)，他也會(huì)開(kāi)始審視自己的行為，他開(kāi)始區(qū)分自己和外界。

　　如果你愿意看到這個(gè)過(guò)程的另一種跡象，試用一下蓋塞爾智能發(fā)育診斷量表：一個(gè)嬰兒在鏡子前的表現(xiàn)。蓋塞爾說(shuō)孩子大約20個(gè)星期的時(shí)候會(huì)朝著自己的鏡像笑。把你的孩子抱到鏡子前面，觀察他如何看鏡子里的臉。他很可能會(huì)注意到他自己的鏡像，或許會(huì)朝它微笑。當(dāng)他的鏡像也沖他笑時(shí)，他會(huì)變得活躍而且發(fā)出聲音。他還會(huì)來(lái)回看你和你的鏡像，似乎這種復(fù)制使他迷惑。一個(gè)熟悉他母親模樣的孩子不能理解為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)這樣的臉。當(dāng)你的寶貝看著鏡子里你那個(gè)令他不解的“復(fù)制品”時(shí)，你如果輕輕地叫他，會(huì)使他更加迷惑不解。他轉(zhuǎn)向真實(shí)的你，表明四個(gè)月的嬰兒很可能具有在辨別中有所偏向的能力。

　　嬰兒早期對(duì)某物品(如一件玩具或填充動(dòng)物玩具)的喜愛(ài)不僅是自我發(fā)展的標(biāo)志，也是具有鑒別能力的標(biāo)志，因?yàn)檫@時(shí)嬰兒的興趣已超出了自我之外。大部分嬰兒不會(huì)這么早就喜歡玩具，但是有些會(huì)的。在了解了每個(gè)玩具后，你的孩子會(huì)開(kāi)始去夠和玩一件特定的玩具。在后來(lái)的幾個(gè)月里，這件玩具或任何他認(rèn)識(shí)的穿的或拿的東西就會(huì)成為他的“愛(ài)物”。他會(huì)和“愛(ài)物”一起睡，咬它，抱它，愛(ài)它和它“說(shuō)話”。這些“愛(ài)物”使孩子在不得不離開(kāi)母親時(shí)有一個(gè)獨(dú)處的方法。一個(gè)友好的熟悉的玩具熊會(huì)使他自己玩時(shí)更容易照顧。當(dāng)孩子的愛(ài)擴(kuò)展到其他事物上時(shí)，母親不該感到受威脅而應(yīng)該感到榮幸。一個(gè)能找到“愛(ài)物”的孩子較早地顯示了他的機(jī)智和靈活性。

　　2014年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)考前復(fù)習(xí)必讀攻略 2014年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)老師輔導(dǎo)輕松通關(guān)