2014年職稱英語(衛(wèi)生類)教材概括大意文章及譯文15

　　點擊進入：2014年職稱英語(衛(wèi)生類)教材概括大意文章匯總

　　衛(wèi)生類-概括大意　　　

Optimists Really Do Live Longer, Say Scientists

　　1. For the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer optimism was fundamentally wrong, banal and corrupting, while the father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Frend simply declared it to be neurotic.

　　2. Experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset as being beneficial to health. In other words optimists live longer.

　　3. That was the conclusion reached by experts at the Mayo Clinic in the U. S. State of Minnesota who evaluated answers given by people to a set of questions in the 1960s. Of the 729 candidates, 200 had died and according to scientists, there were a disproportionate number of pessimists among them.

　　4. Ten points more on the pessimism scale―that was the difference between “slightly pessimistic” and “averagely pessimistic” ― were enough to boost a person’s chances of dying by 19 percent, according to the study by prominent psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania.

　　5. The study does not say why pessimists die but an older survey taken among children in San Francisco and Los Angeles makes it clear that personal attitude towards the world is a key factor in the longevity equation.

　　6. The latest evidence to support the theory that optimists tend to cope better with illness of all kinds has been provided by Professor Ralf Schwarzer of Berlin's Free University who questioned 600 heart and lung patients. His conclusion: Optimists recover more swiftly from operations than their pessimistic counterparts; tend to be happier after treatment and return to work more swiftly.

　　7. There have been suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health. Numerous surveys have taken into account a person's state of health at the outset and the effect remains the same.

　　8. Studies have shown that optimists do not blind themselves to reality either. They thus interpret it in a positive way. “Sublimating and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light.” said Californian psychology professor Shelley Taylor.

　　9. German science journal “Bild der Wissenschaft”, which carries a major article on the topic in its current March issue, commented on “the right attitude” to having a tumor.

　　10. It seems psychotherapy can go some way towards extending the life span and life quality of a sick person although a complete recovery using psychological technique alone is unlikely.

　　11. Doctors like, however, to point to the example of U. S. cycling professional Lance Armstrong, who was seriously ill with cancer, but whose unshakable optimism helped him to take the top trophy twice at cycling's premier Tour de France.

　　12. The magazine also quoted a study by Sheldon Cohens of the Carnegie-Mellon-University in Pittsburgh:420 volunteers were deliberately infected with strains of various common cold viruses. A day later checks were carried out to see who had caught a cold.

　　13. The results showed that in the case of people who had satisfactory, long-term relations with friends neighbors or colleagues, the virus was less likely to trigger a cold. Of people with three or fewer firm relationships 62 percent became ill compared with only 35 percent of those who had six or more close human links.

　　詞匯：

　　banal 平庸的，陳腐的 mindset 思想傾向

　　disproportionate 不成比例的 sublimate 升華，理想化

　　neurotic 神經(jīng)過敏的 boot 提高，增加

　　trigger 激起，引起 prominent 著名的，杰出的

　　注釋：

　　1.Experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset as being beneficial to health.經(jīng)驗表明，看到生活光明的一面確有好處，最近的科學(xué)證據(jù)也表明積極的思維方式有益健康。

　　2.a key factor in the longevity equation：長壽方程式上的一個關(guān)鍵因素。

　　3.There have been suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health.有意見認(rèn)為，樂觀者并不會變得更健康，而是由于擁有健康他們后來才變成了樂觀者。

　　4.at the outset：當(dāng)初，起先

　　5.“Sublimating and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light.…：美化事物和否定事物都有助于改變現(xiàn)實，而幻覺卻是看到現(xiàn)實最光明一面的方法……

　　6.go some way：有一定幫助。這個詞組是仿照“go a long way”的用法，其意為“大有幫助，大有作用”。

　　練習(xí)：

　　1. Paragraph 2 ______________

　　2. Paragraph 6 ______________

　　3. Paragraph 7 ______________

　　4. Paragraph 8 ______________

　　A. Quicker recovery from illness

　　B. A longer life

　　C. From good health to optimism

　　D. A positive way of understanding reality

　　E. Optimism and pessimism

　　F. Optimists with illusions

　　5. Some scholars did not believe ______________.

　　6. How long one can live partly depends on ______________.

　　7. An optimist does not necessarily try ______________.

　　8. An experiment showed that optimists were ______________.

　　A. to avoid unpleasant things in life

　　B. in looking on the bright side of life

　　C. less likely to catch cold

　　D. how one looks on life

　　E. to be unhappy all the time

　　F. more likely to get cancer

　　答案與題解：

　　1.B本段點出了本文的中心思想：樂觀者往往活得更長。

　　2.A本段說明樂觀者病好得快。

　　3.C本段側(cè)重強調(diào)良好的健康狀況對保持樂觀的作用。

　　4.D本段肯定了樂觀者對待現(xiàn)實的態(tài)度，選項F的口吻是否定的，所以應(yīng)選選項D。

　　5.B答案的根據(jù)在第一段：叔本華和弗洛伊德都不贊成樂觀態(tài)度。

　　6.D此選項與全文中心思想吻合。

　　7.A答案的根據(jù)是第八段的第一句話：樂觀不等于無視現(xiàn)實;關(guān)鍵是如何看待現(xiàn)實。

　　8.C答案的根據(jù)是文章的結(jié)尾部分描述的一項實驗。

　　譯文：科學(xué)家認(rèn)為樂觀派能長壽

　　亞瑟?叔本華認(rèn)為，樂觀主義從根本上是錯誤的、陳腐的、墮落的;而心理分析之父弗洛伊德則認(rèn)為，樂觀純粹與神經(jīng)有關(guān)。

　　經(jīng)驗表明，看到生活光明的一面的確有好處。最近的科學(xué)證據(jù)也表明，積極的思維方式有益健康。換句話說，樂觀主義者能長壽。

　　實際上，這個結(jié)論是20世紀(jì)60年代美國明尼蘇達州梅奧診所的老師們做出的。他們在分析了人們對于問卷的答案之后得出了這個結(jié)論。在調(diào)查的729人當(dāng)中，200人已經(jīng)去世，而根據(jù)科學(xué)家的計算，去世的人中相當(dāng)一部分人屬于悲觀主義者。

　　根據(jù)賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)心理學(xué)家Martin Seligman的研究，只要在悲觀主義的衡量尺度上增加10個百分點，比如說從”輕微悲觀“到”一般悲觀”，就足以使人的死亡概率增長19個百分點。

　　雖然這個研究并沒有說明為什么悲觀主義者死亡概率高，但早些時候在舊金山和洛杉磯的兒童中進行的一次調(diào)查清楚地表明：個人對于世界的態(tài)度是長壽方程式上的一個關(guān)鍵因素。

　　樂觀主義者能更好地應(yīng)付各種各樣的疾病這一理論現(xiàn)在有了最近的證據(jù)。柏林自由大學(xué)的Ralf Schwarzer教授通過調(diào)查600名心臟病和肺部患者為該理論提供了新的證據(jù)。他的結(jié)論是：樂觀的患者相對于悲觀的患者來說手術(shù)后恢復(fù)得更快，而且治療后更傾向于變得心情愉快并能較快地返回工作崗位。

　　有的意見認(rèn)為，樂觀者并不會變得更健康，相反是由于擁有了健康后他們才變成樂觀者。所以很多的調(diào)查首先把一個人的健康狀況考慮在內(nèi)，使影響因素保持一致。

　　研究 同時也表明，樂觀者更能勇敢地面對現(xiàn)實，因此也就能以一種積極的方式來解釋現(xiàn)實。加利福尼亞心理學(xué)教授Shelley Taylor說：“美化事物和否定事物都有助于改變現(xiàn)實，而幻覺卻是看到現(xiàn)實最光明一面的方法。

　　德國科學(xué)期刊Bild der Wissenschaft在今年3月份的一期上登載了一篇關(guān)于這個話題的文章，認(rèn)為人們對于腫瘤應(yīng)該有一個”正確“的態(tài)度。

　　盡管大膽使用心理療法來達到完全的康復(fù)的目的是不可能的，但是它確實在延長一個病人的生命、提高其生活質(zhì)量方面有一定的幫助。

　　但是，很多醫(yī)生都喜歡引用美國職業(yè)自行車運動員Lance Armstrong的例子。他身患癌癥，而他的樂觀態(tài)度使他在法國自行車錦標(biāo)賽上兩次奪冠。

　　這本雜志還引用了匹茲堡內(nèi)基-梅隆大學(xué)Sheldon Cohens的研究：420名志愿者故意感染了各種普通的感冒病毒，第二天通過檢測來看誰得了感冒。

　　結(jié)果表明，對于那些和朋友、鄰居和同事有著長期友好關(guān)系的人來說，病毒很難被誘發(fā)從而引起感冒;有3個或3個以下的友好人際關(guān)系的人當(dāng)中，620%的人病倒;而有6個或更多的友好人際關(guān)系的人當(dāng)中只有35%的人病倒。

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