2014年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)(綜合類(lèi))教材閱讀理解文章及譯文21

　　Spacing in Animals

　　Flight Distance

　　Any observant person has noticed that a wild animal will allow a man or other potential enemy to approach only up to a given distance before it flees. “Flight distance” is the terms used for this interspecies spacing. As a general rule, there is a positive relationship between the size of an animal and its flight distance―the larger the animal, the greater the distance it must keep between itself and the enemy. An antelope will flee when the enemy is as much as five hundred yards away. The wall lizard’s flight distance, on the other hand is about six feet. Flight is the basic means of survival for mobile creatures.

　　Critical Distance

　　Critical distance apparently is present wherever and whenever there is a flight reaction. “Critical distance” includes the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance. A lion in a zoo will flee from an approaching man until it meets a barrier that it cannot overcome. If the man continues the approach, he soon penetrates the lion's critical distance, at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man.

　　Social Distance

　　Social animals need to stay in touch with each other. Loss of contact with the group can be fatal for a variety of reasons including exposure to enemies. Social distance is not simply the distance at which an animal will lose contact with his group―that is, the distance at which it can no longer see, hear, or smell the group―it is rather a psychological distance, one at which the animal apparently begins to feel anxious when he exceeds its limits. We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group.

　　Social distance varies from species to species. It is quite short―apparently only a few yards―among some animals, and quite long among others.

　　Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation. When the young of apes and humans are mobile but not yet under control of the mother's voice, social distance may be the length of her reach. This is readily observed among the baboons in a zoo. When the baby approaches a certain point, the mother reaches out to seize the end of its tail and pull it back to her. When added control is needed because of danger, social distance shrinks. To show this in man, one has only to watch a family with a number of small children holding hands as they cross a busy street.

　　詞匯：

　　observant 觀察力敏銳的 barrier 障礙物

　　potential 潛在的 contact 聯(lián)系;接觸

　　survival 逃生，幸免 fatal 致命的

　　mobile 可動(dòng)的，活動(dòng)的 rigidly 刻板地，死板地

　　approach 朝……走近 baboon 狒狒

　　注釋?zhuān)?/P>

　　1.spacing in animals：動(dòng)物的間隔距離

　　2.flight distance：逃離距離

　　3.…there is a positive relationshipbetween the size of an animal and its flight distance：……動(dòng)物體積與其逃離距離之間成正比關(guān)系。

　　4.antelope：羚羊

　　5.wall lizard：壁虎

　　6."Critical distance”include the narrow zone separating flight distance from attack distance：關(guān)鍵距離指逃離距離和進(jìn)攻距離之間的狹窄區(qū)域。

　　7.reverse direction：調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)方向。

　　8.a hidden band that contains the group：一條控制群體的隱形帶

　　9.the length of her reach：她手臂夠得著的長(zhǎng)度

　　練習(xí)：

　　1. Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of Flight Distance?

　　A. Distance between animals of the same species before fleeing.

　　B. Distance between large and small animals before fleeing.

　　C. Distance between an animal and its enemy before fleeing.

　　D. Distance between certain animal species before fleeing.

　　2. If an animal’s critical distance is penetrated, it will

　　A. begin to attack.

　　B. try to hide.

　　C. begin to jump.

　　D. run away.

　　3. According to the passage, social distance refers to

　　A. physical distance

　　B. psychological distance.

　　C. physiological distance.

　　D. philosophical distance.

　　4. Which of the following could best replace the word “band” in “We can think of it as a hidden band that contains the group” (in Paragraph 3)?

　　A. Strip of land

　　B. Distance

　　C. Society

　　D. Community

　　5. The example of the children holding hands when crossing the street in the last paragraph shows that

　　A. social distance is not always needed.

　　B. there is no social distance among small children.

　　C. humans are different from animals in social distance.

　　D. social distance is sometimes determined by outside factors.

　　答案與題解：

　　1.C此選項(xiàng)最符合原文對(duì)flight distance下的定義。

　　2.A 當(dāng)動(dòng)物的關(guān)鍵距離被入侵時(shí)，動(dòng)物將開(kāi)始進(jìn)攻。原句為..at which point the cornered lion reverses direction and begins slowly to stalk the man.這日寸走投無(wú)路的獅子調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)頭來(lái)，開(kāi)始慢慢地逼近那個(gè)人。

　　3.B 根據(jù)文章相聚距離指心理距離。原句為：...it is rather a psychological distance.

　　4.A從上下文看，band可解釋為strip of land (地帶)。

　　5.D最后的這個(gè)例子表明相聚距離的存在與否有時(shí)由外界因素決定。原句為：Social distance is not always rigidly fixed but is determined in part by the situation.

　　譯文：動(dòng)物的空間距離

　　逃離距離

　　一些善于觀察的人已經(jīng)注意到一只野生動(dòng)物只讓人或其他潛在的敵人在特定的距離內(nèi)接近它， 然后它便會(huì)逃走。“逃離距離”是用來(lái)描述這種物種間的空間距離的術(shù)語(yǔ)。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，動(dòng)物體積 與其逃離距離之間成正比關(guān)系~^動(dòng)物的體積越大，和敵人保特的距寓就越大。當(dāng)敵人離羚羊 500碼遠(yuǎn)時(shí)，羚羊就會(huì)逃離。另一方面,壁虎的逃離距離大約6英尺。逃離是動(dòng)物生存的基本手 段。

　　關(guān)鍵距離

　　關(guān)鍵距離顯然與逃離行為的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)有關(guān)。關(guān)鍵距離指的是逃離距離和進(jìn)攻距離之間的狹 窄區(qū)域。動(dòng)物園的獅子會(huì)躲開(kāi)接近它的人，直到它遇到不可跨過(guò)的障礙物才停步。如果那人繼續(xù) 朝它走去,他就很快地進(jìn)入了獅子的關(guān)鍵距離,這時(shí)無(wú)路可走的獅子會(huì)調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)方向，開(kāi)始慢慢逼近 那個(gè)人。

　　相聚距離

　　群居動(dòng)物需要相互之間保持聯(lián)系。和群體失去聯(lián)系會(huì)因?yàn)楦鞣N原因(包括面臨敵人)而導(dǎo)致 不幸。相聚距離不僅僅是動(dòng)物和群體失去聯(lián)系時(shí)的距離――也就是說(shuō)，在這個(gè)距離它不再能看到、 聽(tīng)到或聞到群體――確切地說(shuō)，它更是一種心理距離，一種當(dāng)動(dòng)物超越它的限度后會(huì)明顯感到焦 慮的距離。我們可以認(rèn)為它是一條控制群體的隱形帶。

　　相聚距離會(huì)因動(dòng)物種類(lèi)不同而有差別。對(duì)一些動(dòng)物而言，相聚距離非常近，僅有幾碼遠(yuǎn)。但 其他動(dòng)物的相聚距離會(huì)非常遠(yuǎn)。

　　相聚距離不是一成不變的，而是部分地取決于環(huán)境。當(dāng)無(wú)尾猿和人類(lèi)的幼兒會(huì)活動(dòng)，但還不 受母親言語(yǔ)控制時(shí)，相聚距離是她手臂夠得著的長(zhǎng)度。從動(dòng)物園的狒狒，我們很容易看到這點(diǎn)。 當(dāng)小狒狒走到某個(gè)位置時(shí)，狒狒媽媽會(huì)伸出手來(lái)，抓住小狒狒的尾巴，把它拖回身邊。因?yàn)槲ｋU(xiǎn) 而需要加強(qiáng)控制時(shí)，相聚距離就會(huì)縮小。要在人類(lèi)身上證明這點(diǎn)，你只要觀察一個(gè)有許多孩子的 家庭就行了。當(dāng)孩子們橫過(guò)」條繁忙的街道時(shí)，他們會(huì)互相牽著手。