職稱英語(yǔ)考試歷年真題原文：2012年閱讀理解(衛(wèi)生A)

　　第四部分：閱讀理解(第31~45題，每題3分，共45分)

　　下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，為每題確定1個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。

　　第一篇

　　Gross National Happiness

　　In the last century, new technology improved the lives of many people in many countries. However， one country resisted these changes. High in the Himalayan mountains of Asia， the kingdom of Bhutan remained separate. Its people and Buddhist(佛教)culture had not been affected for almost a thousand years. Bhutan, however, was a poor country. People died at a young age. Most of its people could not read, and they did not know much about the outside world. Then, in 1972, a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to become modern, but without losing its traditions.

　　King Wangchuck looked at other countries for ideas. He saw that most countries measured their progress by their Gross Natonal Product(GNP). The GNP measures products and money. When the number of products sold increases people say the country is making progress. King Wangchuck had a different idea for Bhutan. He wanted to measure his country’s progress by people’s happiness. If the people’s happiness increased， the king could say that Bhutan was making progress. To decide if people were happier， he created a measure called Gross National Happiness(GNH).

　　GNH is based on certain principles that create happiness. People are happier if they have health care, education, and jobs. They are happier when they live in a healthy, protected environment. They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs. Finally, people are happier when they have a good, stable government.

　　Now these is some evidence of increased GNH in Bhutan. People are healthier and are living longer. More people are educated and employed. Teenty-five percent of the land has become national parks, and the country has almost no pollution. The Bhutanese continue to wear their traditional clothing and follow their ancient Buddhist customs. Bhutan has also become a democracy. In 2008, King Wangchuck gave his power to his son. Although the country still had a king, it held its first democratic elections that year. Bhutan had political parties and political candidates for the first time. Finally, Bhutan has connected to the rest of the world through television and internet.

　　Bhutan is a symbol for social progress. Many countries are now interested in Bhutan’s GNH. These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness. They want to create new policies that take care of their people, cultures, and land.

　　Brazil may be the nest country to use the principles of GNH. Brazilian leaders see the principles of GNH as a source of inspiration. Brazil is a large country with a diverse population. If happiness works as a measure of progress in Brazil, perhaps the rest of the world will follow.

　　31. Who was Jigme Singye Wangchuck?

　　A. A president.

　　B. A buddist preist.

　　C. A general.

　　D. A king.

　　【答案】：D

　　32. Apart from moderizing Bhutan, what else did Wangchuck want to do for Bhutan?

　　A. To make its populaton grow.

　　B. To keep it separate from the world.

　　C. To encourage its people to get rich.

　　D. To keep its tradition and customs.

　　【答案】：D

　　33. A country shows its progress with GNP by

　　A. selling more products.

　　B. spending more money.

　　C. spending less money.

　　D. providing more jobs.

　　【答案】：A

　　34. According to GNH, people are happier if they

　　A. have new tecnology.

　　B. can change their religion.

　　C. have a good, stable government.

　　D. have more money.

　　【答案】：C

　　35. Today, many countries are

　　A. using the principles of GNH to measure their progress.

　　B. woking together to develop a common scale to measure GNH.

　　C. taking both Bhutan and Brazil as symbols for social progress.

　　D. trying to find their own ways to measure happiness.

　　【答案】：D

　　第二篇

　　Caffeine

　　Caffeine is probably the most widely used drug in the world. Humans have been consuming caffeine for hundreds of years, primarily in the form of coffee, tea, and cocoa. Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long been observed to have a lower incidence of non-melanoma(黑色素瘤) skin cancers, although no one knew why. A recent study found that caffeine affects skin cells damaged by ultraviolet radiation, a main cause of skin cancer. Caffeine interferes with a protein that cancerous cells need to survive, leaving the damaged cells to die before they become cancerous. Drinking caffeinated coffee has also been associated with a decreased incidence of endometrial(予宮內(nèi)膜的) cancer - that is, cancer of the cells lining the uterus - The strongest effect appears to be in overweight women, who are at greatest risk for the disease. Researchers believe blood sugar, fat cells, and estrogen(雌性激素) may play a role. Although the mechanism remains unknown, people who drink more than two cups of coffee or tea a day reportedly have about half the risk of developing chronic liver disease as those who drink less than one cup of coffee daily; caffeinated coffee has also been associated with lowered risk of cirrhosis(肝硬化) and liver cancer.

　　While many of caffeine’s undesirable effects, such as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, are brief, some short-term benefits, including pain relief, increased alertness, and increased physical endurance, have also been attributed to caffeine. As a component of numerous over-the-counter diet pills and pain relievers, caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly. By constricting(收縮) blood vessels in the brain, it can alleviate headaches - even migraines(偏頭痛) ? and can help counter the drowsiness(眩暈)caused by antihistamines(抗組胺藥).

　　Caffeine does not alter the need for sleep, but it does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who need to stay alert. Research has shown that sleep-deprived individuals who consumed caffeine had improved memory and reasoning abilities, at least in the short term. Studies of runners and cyclists have shown that caffeine can improve their stamina - hence its addition to energy-boosting sports drinks.

　　People who consume a lot of caffeine regularly may develop temporary withdrawal symptoms, headache being the most common, if they quit or cut back on it abruptly. Fortunately, these symptoms last only a day or two in most cases. Individuals who are more sensitive to the stimulatory side effects of caffeine may want to avoid it, but most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy people. There is no medical basis to give up daily caffeine and many reasons to include a moderate amount in one’s diet.

　　36. Drinking coffee or tea may help

　　A. lower the incidence of being overweight.

　　B. lower the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer.

　　C. increase the incidence of endometrial cancer.

　　D. increase the incidence of liver cancer.

　　【答案】：B

　　37. Caffeine is used to

　　A. reduce high blood pressure.

　　B. relieve headaches.

　　C. cure liver cancer.

　　D. treat skin cancer.

　　【答案】：B

　　38. Some athletes use caffeine to

　　A. improve their speed.

　　B. increase their endurance.

　　C. maintain their alertness.

　　D. relax their muscles.

　　【答案】：B

　　39. Caffeine withdrawal symptoms

　　A. can become an ongoing problem.

　　B. may last as long as a week.

　　C. are weight loss and mental disorder.

　　D. are usually short-lived.

　　【答案】：D

　　40. Drinking three cups of coffee a day

　　A. may not be recommended by most doctors.

　　B. is harmful to healthy people.

　　C. will probably not cause problems.

　　D. may benefit sensitive people.

　　【答案】：C

　　第三篇

　　Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others

　　Low-salt foods may be harder for some people to like than others, according to a study by a Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences food scientist. The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like to eat.

　　Those conclusions are important because recent, well-publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others, pointed out John Hayes, assistant professor of food science, who was lead investigator on the study.

　　Diets high in salt can increase the risk of high blood pressure and stroke. That is why public health experts and food companies are working together on ways to help consumers lower salt intake through foods that are enjoyable to eat. This study increases understanding of salt preference and consumption.

　　The research involved 87 carefully screened participants who sampled salty foods such as soup and chips, on multiple occasions, spread out over weeks. Test subjects were 45 men and 42 women, reportedly healthy, ranging in age from 20 to 40 years. The sample was composed of individuals who were not actively modifying their dietary intake and did not smoke cigarettes. They rated the intensity of taste on a commonly used scientific scale, ranging from barely detectable to strongest sensation of any kind.

　　"Most of us like the taste of salt. However, some individuals eat more salt, both because they like the taste of saltiness more, and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food.” said Hayes. "Supertasters, people who experience tastes more intensely, consume more salt than do nontasters. Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor, and at least for these foods, more is better, so the supertasters seem to like them more.”

　　However, supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese, Hayes noted. "For example, cheese is a wonderful blend of dairy flavors from fermented milk, but also bitter tastes from ripening that are blocked by salt," he said. "A supertaster finds low-salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is too pronounced."

　　Hayes cited research done more than 75 years ago by a chemist named Fox and a geneticist named Blakeslee, showing that individuals differ in their ability to taste certain chemicals. As a result, Hayes explained, we know that a wide range in taste acuity exists, and this variation is as normal as variations in eye and hair color.

　　"Some people, called supertasters, describe bitter compounds as being extremely bitter, while others, called nontasters, find these same bitter compounds to be tasteless or only weakly bitter." he said. "Response to bitter compounds is one of many ways to identify biological differences in food preference because supertasting is not limited to bitterness.”

　　41. John Hayes points out in a recent study that

　　A. it is healthy to eat food without salt.

　　B. many people reject low-salt food completely.

　　C. food with less salt tastes better.

　　D. many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantly.

　　【答案】：D

　　42. The fourth paragraph describes briefly

　　A. the purpose of the study.

　　B. the analysis of the research results.

　　C. the research methodology.

　　D. the conclusion of the study.

　　【答案】：C

　　43. The article argues that supertasters

　　A. like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor.

　　B. like the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food.

　　C. consume less salt because they don’t like intensive tastes.

　　D. like to share salty cheese with nontasters.

　　【答案】：A

　　44. In paragraph 6, the word "pronounced" is closest in meaning to

　　A. weary.

　　B. strong.

　　C. weak.

　　D. strange.

　　【答案】：B

　　45. The last two paragraphs illustrate that taste acuity is

　　A. developed over time after birth.

　　B. related to one’s eye and hair color.

　　C. still unknown to scientists.

　　D. genetically determined.

　　【答案】：D

　　第4部分：閱讀理解第一篇

　　31.D【解析】題意：Jigme Singye Wangchuck是誰?

　　根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句…a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to become modern可知，Wangehuck是一位新上任的國(guó)王。故選D。

　　32.D【解析】題意：除了使不丹現(xiàn)代化，Wangchuek還希望為不丹做什么?

　　根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句…King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan tO become modern，but without losing its traditions，說明Wangchuck不希望不丹丟掉其傳統(tǒng)，而第三段第三句They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs也說明Wangchuck推行的 GNH(國(guó)民幸?？傊?政策中，如果能保持傳統(tǒng)文化和風(fēng)俗則國(guó)民會(huì)更幸福。故選D。

　　33.A【解析】題意：一個(gè)國(guó)家進(jìn)步在GNP中體現(xiàn)為……。

　　根據(jù)文中第二段第三、四句The GNP measures products and money.When the number of products sold increases，people say the country is making progress可知，GNP用商品和金錢來衡量，賣出的商品越多，國(guó)家似乎越進(jìn)步。故選A。

　　34.C【解析】題意：根據(jù)GNH，人民若……會(huì)更幸福。

　　文章第三段集中講述GNH，人們更幸福包括they have health care.education，and jobs;they live in a healthy，protected environment;they can keep their traditional culture and customs;they have a good，stable government。由此可知C項(xiàng)正確。

　　35.D【解析】題意：現(xiàn)在，很多國(guó)家……。

　　根據(jù)文章第五段第二、三句Many countries are now interested in Bhutan’S GNH.These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness可知，很多國(guó)家在探索自己的方式去衡量幸福。故選D。

　　第二篇

　　36.B【解析】題意：喝咖啡或者茶對(duì)……有好處。

　　根據(jù)文章第一段第三句Habitual coffee and tea drinkers had long been observed to have a lower incidence of non―melanoma skin cancers可知，常喝咖啡和茶的人得皮膚癌的概率低。所以B項(xiàng)正確。 A項(xiàng)文中并未提及。根據(jù)文章第一段第六句Drinking caffeinated coffee has also been associated with a decreased incidence of endometrial cancer可知，常喝咖啡與子宮內(nèi)膜癌發(fā)病率的降低有相關(guān)性，所以C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句caffeinated coffee has also been associated with lowered risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer可知，咖啡因也與降低患肝硬化和肝癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有關(guān)，所以D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。故本題選B。

　　37.B【解析】題意：咖啡因可用于……。

　　根據(jù)文章第二段倒數(shù)第一、二句As a component…caffeine increases their effectiveness and helps the body absorb them more quickly.By constricting blood vessels in the brain，it can alleviate head― aches可知，咖啡因有助于止痛藥的吸收，且通過是腦內(nèi)血管收縮能夠緩解頭痛，所以B項(xiàng)正確。根據(jù)文章第二段第一句many of caffeine’s undesirable effects，such as elevated…blood pressure可知，咖啡因使血壓升高，而非降低，所以A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)第一段第三句Habitual coffee and tea drinkers…h(huán)ave a lower incidence of non―melanoma skin cancers和最后一句caffeinated coffee has also been associated with lowered risk of…liver cancer可知，咖啡因與降低患皮膚癌和肝癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有關(guān)，而文章并未提及可用咖啡因來治療肝癌與皮膚癌，所以C項(xiàng)和D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。故本題選B。

　　38.B【解析】題意：一些運(yùn)動(dòng)員用咖啡因……。

　　題目所給選項(xiàng)中，B項(xiàng)與文章第二段第一句…some short―term benefits，including pain relief，increased alertness，and increased physical endurance所敘相符，并且根據(jù)第三段最后一句hence its addition to energy-boosting sports drinks可知，將咖啡因加入運(yùn)動(dòng)員補(bǔ)充能量的飲料中，所以B項(xiàng)正確。而A項(xiàng)與D項(xiàng)文章并未提及。C項(xiàng)有一定的迷惑性。由文章第三段第一、二句Caffeine…does offer a temporary solution to fatigue for people who need to stay alert.Research has shown…improved memory and reasoning abilities可知，咖啡因能夠使疲勞的人保持清醒，且睡眠不好的人喝咖啡后其記憶力和理解力得到改善，而這些所指的都不是運(yùn)動(dòng)員的情況，C項(xiàng)張冠李戴.故錯(cuò)誤。所以本題選B。

　　39.D【解析】題意：戒掉咖啡因產(chǎn)生的癥狀會(huì)……。

　　根據(jù)文章最后一段第一、二句…h(huán)eadache being the most common…these symptoms last only a day or two in most cases敘述可知，戒掉咖啡因會(huì)帶來短暫的不適，但這些癥狀只會(huì)持續(xù)一到兩天的時(shí)間，所以A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，D項(xiàng)正確。C項(xiàng)文中并未提及。所以本題選D。

　　40.C【解析】題意：每天喝三杯咖啡……。

　　根據(jù)文章最后一段倒數(shù)第二句…most doctors agree that the equivalent of three cups of coffee a day does not harm healthy people可知，多數(shù)醫(yī)生都認(rèn)為每天喝三杯咖啡并不會(huì)影響健康，所以C項(xiàng)正確，而A項(xiàng)和B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。D項(xiàng)并未提及。所以本題選C。

　　第三篇

　　41.D【解析】題意：約翰•海耶斯在最近的一份研究中指出……。

　　根據(jù)文章第二段第一句Those conclusions are important because recent，well―publicized efforts to reduce the salt content in food have left many people struggling to accept fare that simply does not taste as good to them as it does to others可知盡管口感不好，許多人也勉強(qiáng)接受了低鹽生活，所以D項(xiàng)正確。根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句The research indicates that genetic factors influence some of the difference in the levels of salt we like tO eat可知，研究結(jié)果主要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是口味的輕重與遺傳因素有關(guān)，所以A項(xiàng)、B項(xiàng)和C項(xiàng)都錯(cuò)誤。所以本題選D。

　　42.C【解析】題意：第四段簡(jiǎn)要敘述了……。

　　第四段主要講述實(shí)驗(yàn)的食物(salty foods such as soup and chips)、實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象(test subjects)等，并沒有提及實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的(A項(xiàng))、分析(B項(xiàng))及結(jié)果(D項(xiàng))。所以第四段講述的是實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法。故本題選C。

　　43.A【解析】題意：本文指出了口味重的人……。

　　根據(jù)文章第五段倒數(shù)第一、二句Supertasters…consume more salt than do nontasters.Snack foods have saltiness as their primary flavor…so the supertasters seem to like them more可知，口重的人喜歡有成味的零食，所以A項(xiàng)正確，而C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)第五段第二句both because they like the taste of saltiness more，and also because it is needed to block other unpleasant tastes in food可知，一些人吃鹽多一方面因?yàn)樗麄兛谖吨?，另一方面成味可以遮蓋食物中其它他們不喜歡的味道，所以B項(xiàng)說法錯(cuò)誤。 D項(xiàng)文中沒有提及。故本題選A。

　　44.B【解析】題意：在第六段中，單詞“pronounced”的意思是……。

　　根據(jù)第六段第一句supertasters also need higher levels of salt to block unpleasant bitter tastes in foods such as cheese可知口味重的人需要成味來遮蓋如奶酪等食物中其他他們不喜歡的味道。而本段最后一句A supertaster finds low―salt cheese unpleasant because the bitterness is tOO pronounced由此可以猜測(cè)低鹽奶酪是因?yàn)闆]有咸味的遮蓋而太苦，所以口味重的人不喜歡。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中A項(xiàng)意為“疲倦的”;B項(xiàng)意為“強(qiáng)烈的”;C項(xiàng)意為“微弱的”;D項(xiàng)意為“奇怪的”。所以本題選B。

　　45.D【解析】題意：最后兩段指出味覺敏銳度……。

　　根據(jù)文章最后兩段的敘述，可知味覺敏銳度是由基因決定的，而不是出生后慢慢發(fā)展起來的，所以 D項(xiàng)正確，而A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。味覺敏銳度的不同就像人與人的眼睛和頭發(fā)顏色不同一樣平常，兩者并不是影響關(guān)系，所以B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。海耶斯關(guān)于味覺敏銳度的敘述引用的是75年前的結(jié)論，所以味覺敏銳度仍是未知領(lǐng)域是錯(cuò)誤的，所以C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。所以本題選D。

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