2014年職稱英語考試綜合A試題原文：閱讀理解

2014年職稱英語教材免費(fèi)下載(高清全套) 　

　第十四篇 The National Trust

　　The National Trust in Britain plays an increasingly important part in the preservation forpublic enjoyment of the best that is left unspoiled of the British countryside. Although the Trusthas received practical and moral support from the Government， it is not a rich Governmentdepartment. It is a voluntary association of people who care for the unspoiled countryside andhistoric buildings of Britain. It is a charity which depends for its existence on voluntary supportfrom members of the public'. Its primary duty is to protect places of great natural beauty andplaces of historical interest.

　　The attention of the public was first drawn to the dangers threatening the great old houses andcastles of Britain by the death of Lord Lothian， who left his great seventeenth-century house to theTrust together with the 4500-acre park and estate surrounding it.This gift attracted wide publicityand started the Trust's “Country House Scheme”。 Under this scheme， with the help of theGovernment and the general public， the Trust has been able to save and make accessible to thepublic about one hundred and fifty of these old houses2. Last year about one and three quaners of amillion people paid to visit these historic houses， usually at a very small charge.

　　In addition to country houses and open spaces the Trust now owns some examples of ancientwind and water mills3 ， nature reserves4， five hundred and forty farms and nearly two thousand fivehundred cottages or small village houses， as well as some complete villages. In these villages noone is allowed to build， develop 'or disturb the old village environment in any way and all thehouses are maintained in their original sixteenth-century style. Over four hundred thousand acres ofcoastline ， woodland， and hill country are protected by the Trust and no development or disturbancesof any kind are permitted. The public has free access to these areas and is only asked to respect thepeace， beauty and wildlife.

　　So it is that over the past eighty years the Trust has become a big and important organizationand an essential and respected part of national life， preserving all that is of great natural beauty andof historical significance not only for future generations of Britons but also for the millions oftourists who each year invade Britain in search of a great historic and cultural heritage.

　　注釋：

　　1. It is a charity which depends for its existence on voluntary support from members of the public.

　　它是個(gè)慈善機(jī)構(gòu)，靠公眾中的會(huì)員自愿支持它才得以生存。depend on someone forsomething：在某事上依靠某人。又如：We depend on John for news supplies.在消息來源方面我們依靠約翰。原句中由于depend on的賓語voluntary support from members of the public較長，因此，將for its existence提前。這種現(xiàn)象本文中還有另外兩處。第一句中的for publicenjoyment和第二段倒數(shù)第二句中的accessible to the public都分別被提前。

　　2.，…… the Trust has been able to save and make accessible to the public about one hundred and fiftyof these old houses.……托管委員會(huì)拯救了大約150座這樣的老房子，并使大眾能參觀這些老房子。make something accessible to someone：使某人能接觸(或使用)某物。又如：Theschool has decided to make sports facilities more readily accessible to students.學(xué)校決定讓學(xué)生能更方便地使用體育設(shè)施。

　　3.wind and water mills：靠風(fēng)力和水流驅(qū)動(dòng)的磨坊

　　4.nature reserves：自然保護(hù)區(qū)

　　練習(xí)：

　　1. The National Trust is financed by both personal donations and government allocations.

　　A. Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

　　2. British people's dependence on the National Trust to protect places of great natural beauty andplaces of historical interest has been increasing.

　　A. Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

　　3. Lord Lothian was one of the founders of the National Trust.

　　A. Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

　　4. The Trust's “Country House Scheme” provides an easy access for the public t0 150 0ld housesor so.

　　A. Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

　　5.A project which is t0 fortify a 16th century old house but keep its original style will not beapproved by the National Trust.

　　A. Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

　　6. The public may enter a wood under the protection of the National Trust without paying anymoney， but they are not allowed to bring in canned food and beverage.

　　A. Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

　　7. The National Trust helps promote tourism in Britain.

　　A. Right B.Wrong C.Not mentioned

　　答案與題解：

　　1.B文章第一段說國家托管委員會(huì)盡管從政府那兒得到實(shí)際上和道義上的支持，其財(cái)政單純依靠私人捐款，而沒有政府撥款。

　　2.A第一段第一句話說在英國，國家托管委員會(huì)在保護(hù)名勝古跡方面扮演著越來越重要的角色。倒數(shù)第二段講該委員會(huì)管理著面積廣大的各種名勝古跡、自然景觀。最后一段說經(jīng)過80年的發(fā)展，該組織已成為一個(gè)重要組織，成為國民生活中必不可少、受人尊敬的一部分。

　　因此我們可以說英國民眾越來越依靠托管委員會(huì)來保護(hù)風(fēng)景名勝。

　　3.C第二段提到Lord Lothian在死后把一所17世紀(jì)的古宅及其周圍4 500英畝的土地贈(zèng)與托管委員會(huì)，但是沒有提到他是該委員會(huì)的建立者之一。

　　4.A第二段說托管委員會(huì)實(shí)行的“鄉(xiāng)村房屋計(jì)劃”保護(hù)了大約150座古宅，并向公眾開放，收取少量的參觀費(fèi)。因此我們可以說該計(jì)劃使公眾可以較為容易地進(jìn)人大約150座古宅參觀。

　　5.B第三段說在托管委員會(huì)所管理的自然保護(hù)區(qū)以及磨坊、農(nóng)場、村舍、村莊等人文景觀中任何人都不允許以任何方式建造、擴(kuò)建房屋，破壞原有的環(huán)境。所有的房子都保持著原有的16世紀(jì)的風(fēng)貌。因此一個(gè)加固一所老房子但仍保持其16世紀(jì)風(fēng)格的計(jì)劃是不違背這一精神的，不會(huì)被托管委員會(huì)否決。

　　6.C第三段說托管委員會(huì)管理著大面積的海岸線、林地和山丘起伏的鄉(xiāng)村，公眾可以免費(fèi)進(jìn)入這些地區(qū)，但是不允許破壞寧靜、美麗的環(huán)境，不允許獵殺野生動(dòng)物。但是并沒有提到不允許帶罐裝食品和飲料入內(nèi)。

　　7.A文章最后一段說托管委員會(huì)保護(hù)風(fēng)景名勝、歷史景觀不僅造福于英國人民的子孫后代，而且造福于每年到英國旅游的數(shù)百萬觀光客。由此我們可以推斷托管委員會(huì)的工作促進(jìn)了英國旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展。

　　譯文

　　第十四篇 國家托管委員會(huì)

　　英國的國家托管委員會(huì)在保持未被破壞的英國鄉(xiāng)村遺跡，使民眾得以最大限度地享用它們方面扮演著越來越重要的角色。盡管托管委員會(huì)得到政府實(shí)際上和道義上的支持，但它并不是一個(gè)富有的政府部門。它是由關(guān)心英國鄉(xiāng)村遺跡和古建筑物的人們自愿組成的一個(gè)團(tuán)體。

　　它是個(gè)慈善機(jī)構(gòu)，靠公眾中的會(huì)員自愿支持它才得以生存。它最基本的任務(wù)是保護(hù)自然風(fēng)景區(qū)和具有歷史意義的名勝古跡。

　　最早引起公眾關(guān)注的是洛雨恩勛爵去世后留給托管委員會(huì)他的一座17世紀(jì)時(shí)的房屋及其周圍4 500英畝的公園和地產(chǎn)。這些古老房子和城堡面臨著被破壞的威脅。這一遺產(chǎn)大大地吸引了公眾，同時(shí)使托管委員會(huì)開始實(shí)行“鄉(xiāng)村房屋計(jì)劃”。在政府和廣大公眾的幫助下，托管委員會(huì)根據(jù)計(jì)劃已經(jīng)拯救了大約150座這樣的老房子，并使大眾能參觀這些老房子。去年大約有175萬人花很少的費(fèi)用參觀了這些古老房屋。

　　除了這些鄉(xiāng)村房屋和空地之外，托管委員會(huì)還擁有一些靠風(fēng)力和水流驅(qū)動(dòng)的磨坊、自然保護(hù)區(qū)、540個(gè)農(nóng)場以及大約2 500座村舍，以及一些獨(dú)立完整的小村莊。在這些小村莊里所有的房子大都保持著它們16世紀(jì)時(shí)的原樣，不允許任何人以任何方式建造、開發(fā)或破壞它的環(huán)境。40多萬英畝的海岸線、森地和山丘起伏的鄉(xiāng)村也交由托管委員會(huì)保護(hù)，不允許任何方式的開發(fā)或破壞。公眾僅可以自由進(jìn)入這些地方，但要求不破壞那里的寧靜、美麗的環(huán)境，不允許獵殺野生動(dòng)物。

　　這樣經(jīng)過80多年的時(shí)間，托管委員會(huì)逐漸成為一個(gè)龐大的重要組織，成為國民生活必不可少的受人尊敬的組成部分。它保護(hù)所有的風(fēng)景名勝和歷史景觀，不僅造福于英國人民的子孫后代，而且也使每年涌人英國的數(shù)百萬旅游者能領(lǐng)略到英國的歷史和文化傳統(tǒng)。

　　Screen Test

　　1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey (調(diào)查)published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50.

　　2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial(有爭議的), partly because the radiation(輻射) brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue(組織) is denser.

　　3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University1 of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women’s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.

　　4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain’s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers.

　　5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.

　　6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help “optimize the technique” for breast cancer screening.

　　7. “There is a trade-off(平衡) between the diagnostic(診斷的，判斷的) benefits of breast screening and its risks,” admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. “On the basis of the current (目前的)data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That’s why radiation exposure should be minimized in any screening programme.”

　　練習(xí)：

　　1. Paragraph2 ___A_____

　　2. Paragraph3 ___B_____

　　3. Paragraph4 _ _C___

　　4. Paragraph5 ___D__

　　A. Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman

　　B. Investigating (調(diào)查)the Effect of Screening

　　C. Effects Predicted by Two Different Models

　　D. Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation

　　E. Treatment of Cancers

　　F. Factors That Trigger Cancers

　　5.Early discovery of breast cancer may____C____.

　　6.Advantages of screening women under 50 are __D_____.

　　7.Delaying the age at which screening starts may ___E_____.

　　8.Radiation exposure should be ___F_____.

　　A. be costly

　　B. harmful

　　C. save a life

　　D. still open to debate(爭論)

　　E. reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer

　　F. reduced to the minimum

　　詞匯：

　　polytechnic /丨pt)li丨tekmk/ adj.多工藝的 radiological /ireidfou'lodgikal/ adj.放射性的 optimise /'optimaiz/ vt.最大限度地完善

　　注釋：

　　* Polytechnic University ：理工大學(xué) cumulative /'kjuimjubtiv/ adj.遞增的 contract /ksn'traekt/ vt. trade-off /'treidDf/ n.平衡

　　A Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman

　　B Investigating the Effect of Screening

　　C Effects Predicted by Two Different Models

　　D Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation

　　E Treatment of Cancers

　　F Factors That Trigger Cancers

　　Early discovery of breast cancer may

　　Advantages of screening women under 50 are 一

　　Delaying the age at which screening starts may

　　Radiation exposure should be

　　A be costly

　　B harmful

　　C save a life

　　D still open to debate

　　E reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer

　　F reduced to the minimum

　　答案與題解：

　　A A說^是：用X射線檢查可能對(duì)年輕女人不好。下面是第二段講的意思：但是，用X射 線檢查年輕女性，就醫(yī)學(xué)上的好處而論，是有爭議的，部分原因是輻射有誘發(fā)癌癥的小小的 危險(xiǎn)。另外，年輕女人乳房組織緊密，給予的X射線的劑量要多一些。

　　B B說的是：調(diào)查用X射線檢查的結(jié)果。第三段的第一句話是這么說的:Valencia理工大 學(xué)的研究人員分析了 11個(gè)社區(qū)診所用X射線檢?16萬以上女性的結(jié)果。可見B為正確的 選項(xiàng)。

　　C C說的是：兩種不同的模型預(yù)測的結(jié)果。第四段講的是，兩種不同的數(shù)學(xué)模型在預(yù)測用 X射線檢查女性誘發(fā)癌癥的結(jié)果是不一樣的。C概述了這段話。

　　D D說的是：輻射誘發(fā)癌癥的危險(xiǎn)是很小的。第五段的第一句話是這么說的：The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “ not very significant" compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated.研究人員爭辯說，與發(fā)現(xiàn)后 接受治療的癌癥數(shù)字相比，由輻射誘發(fā)癌癥的數(shù)字是很小的。

　　C C與題干生成:Early discovery of breast cancer may save a life.乳腺癌發(fā)現(xiàn)得早也許能挽 救生命。答案可以從第一段中找到。

　　D D 與題干生成:Advantages of screening women under 50 are still open to debate. X才 50 歲 以下的女人用X射線撿查的好處仍然是有爭議的。第二段的第一個(gè)甸子是這么說的:But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial...但是，用 X 射線檢查 年輕女性，就醫(yī)學(xué)上的好處而論，是有爭議的……這兩個(gè)句子用詞有些差別，但基本意思是

　　相同的。

　　E E 與題干生成：Delaying the age at which screening starts may reduce Ihe risk of radiation triggerhig^a cancer.延厲用X射線檢查的年齡也許能減少輻射誘發(fā)的危險(xiǎn)。答案在第

　　F F與題干生成扭tion exposu諏命c(diǎn)mld be reduced to the minimum.應(yīng)把接受輻射降低

　　到最小的程度。答案在文章的最后一句。

　　譯文：

　　透視檢查

　　每年上百萬的女性都做X射線透視，檢查是否有乳腺癌跡象。如果檢查得足夠早，疾病就可 以被成功地治療。根據(jù)去年公布的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，21個(gè)國家有透視計(jì)劃。其中9個(gè)國家，包括澳大利 亞、加拿大、美國和西班牙為50歲以下女性進(jìn)行透視。

　　但是，用X射線檢查年輕女性，就醫(yī)學(xué)上的好處而論，是有爭議的，部分原因是輻射有誘發(fā) 癌癥的小小的危險(xiǎn)。另外，年輕女人乳房組織緊密，給予的X射線的劑量要多一些。

　　Valencia理工大學(xué)的研究人員分析了 11個(gè)社區(qū)診所用X射線檢查16萬以上女性的結(jié)果。估 測了女性的輻射累積劑量之后，他們用兩種模型計(jì)算由此導(dǎo)致額外癌癥數(shù)量。

　　英國國家輻射保護(hù)委員會(huì)推薦的數(shù)學(xué)模型預(yù)言，透視計(jì)劃會(huì)導(dǎo)致每10萬個(gè)女性中有36人患 上癌癥，18人致死。聯(lián)合國原子輻射影響科學(xué)委員會(huì)首選的模型得出了一個(gè)較低的數(shù)字^20人 患上癌癥。

　　研究人員爭辯說，與發(fā)現(xiàn)后接受治療的癌癥數(shù)字相比，由輻射誘發(fā)癌癥的數(shù)字是很小的。他 們說，Valencia計(jì)劃在每10萬接受透視的婦女中發(fā)現(xiàn)300到450個(gè)乳腺癌病例。

　　但是他們指出如果X射線檢查從50歲而不是45歲時(shí)開始，會(huì)使婦女由于輻射而患癌的危險(xiǎn) 減少40%到80% ,因?yàn)樗齻兛梢越邮芨俚妮椛?。他們暗示說，他們研究的結(jié)果有助于使乳腺癌 透視的技術(shù)更加完善。

　　英國國家輻射保護(hù)委員會(huì)的Michael Clark承認(rèn)“在胸透的診斷益處和危險(xiǎn)之間有一個(gè)平衡”。 但是他警告說應(yīng)該謹(jǐn)慎地解釋此項(xiàng)研究?！盎谀壳暗臄?shù)據(jù)，每成功地發(fā)現(xiàn)10例癌癥就有可能導(dǎo) 致今后出現(xiàn)一例癌癥。這就是為什么在所有的透視計(jì)劃中，輻射應(yīng)該減少到最小的原因?！?/P>

　　How We Form First lmpression

　　1 We all have first impression Of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about Someone without really knowing anything about him or her -aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits.

　　2 The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a person's eyes，ears，nose，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as differene1.In fact，your brain continuously process incoming sensory information- the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming "signals" are compared against2 a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals " mean" .

　　3 If you see someone you know and like at school3，your brain says "familiar and safe. " If you see someone new，it says，"new-potentially，threatening". Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other " known" memories. The height ，weight，dress ，ethnicity ， gestures ，and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics ，the more your brain may say，This is new. I don't like this person". Or else，"I'm intrigued" . Or your

　　brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes，ethnicity，gestures-like your other friends;

　　so your brain says： "I like this person" . But these preliminary "impressions" can be dead wrong4

　　4 When we stereotype people，we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people-their history，interest，values，strengths，and true character - we categorize them as jocks，geeks，or freaks.

　　5 However，if we resist initial stereotypical impressions，we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person，hear about his or her life，hopes，dreams，and become aware of the person's character，we use a different，more mature style of thinking- and the most complex areas of our cortex，which allow us to be humane.

　　詞匯：

　　trait /trei，treit/n. 特點(diǎn)，特征，特性 host/h?ust/ n. 一大群，許多

　　simplistic /sim'plistik/ adj. 過分單純化的 sensory/'sens?ri/ adj. 感官的，感覺的

　　categorical /k?ti'g?rikl/ adj. 絕對(duì)的 cortex /'k?：teks/ n. 腦皮層

　　jock /d??k/ n. 騙子 ethnicity /eθ'nis?ti/ n. 種族特點(diǎn)

　　geek /gi：k / n. 反常的人 intrigue /in'tri：g/ v. 激起興趣

　　stereotype /'steri?taip/ v. 對(duì)……產(chǎn)生成見 freak /fri：k/ n. 怪人

　　humane /hju：'mein，hju-/ adj. 有人情味的，人文的

　　注釋：

　　1. Your

　　rain，is so sensitive in picking up facial traits，even very minor difference in how a person's eyes ，ears ，nose ，or mouth are placed in relation to each other makes you see him or her as different. 從 even 開始到 as different 是個(gè)結(jié)果狀語從句，相當(dāng)于that even very minor ... ，而 that 是與主句中的 so 呼應(yīng)的。

　　2. against：和……對(duì)比

　　3. If you see someone you know，and like school ... ：如果你在學(xué)校里看到某個(gè)你認(rèn)識(shí)而且喜歡的人……，like在這里是動(dòng)詞。

　　4. dead wrong： 相當(dāng)于completely wrong dead wrong是口語表達(dá)用語。

　　練習(xí)：

　　1. Paragraph 2_____

　　2. Paragraph 3_____

　　3. Paragraph 4_____

　　4. Paragraph 5_____

　　A Ways Of Departure from Immature and Simplistic Impressions

　　B Comment on First Impression

　　C Illustration Of First Impression

　　D Comparing Incoming Sensory Information Against Memories

　　E Threatening Aspect of First Impressions

　　F Differences Among Jocks，Geeks and Freaks

　　5. Sensory information is one that is perceived through_____.

　　6. You interpret _____ by comparing it against the memories already stored in your brain.

　　7. The way we stereotype people is a less mature form of thinking，which is similar to_____.

　　8. We can use our more mature style of thinking thanks to_____.

　　A a stranger's less mature type of thinking

　　B the most complex areas of our cortex

　　C the immature form of thinking of a very young child

　　D the meaning of incoming sensory information

　　E the sights and sounds of the world

　　F an opportunity to analyze different forms of thinking

　　答案與題解：

　　1. D 本段敘述的是人腦解讀感官信息的過程。

　　2. C 本段舉例說明第一印象解讀的過程，將第二段敘述的內(nèi)容具體化。

　　3. B 本段對(duì)第一印象進(jìn)行了評(píng)論，說第一印象不成熟，simplistic and categorical。

　　4. A 本段說如果我們與某個(gè)人多接觸，了解他的生活、希望、夢(mèng)想和性格特征，我們對(duì)該人的認(rèn)識(shí)就不會(huì)停留在第一印象的階段，而是進(jìn)入一個(gè)更深的層次。

　　5. E 選 E 的依據(jù)在第二段的第三句。

　　6. D 選 D 的依據(jù)在第二段的最后兩句。sensory information 的意思就是information perceived through sensory organs (視覺、聽覺、味覺、觸覺、嗅覺等)。

　　7. C 選 C 的依據(jù)在第四段的第一句，該句是：When we stereotype people，we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others.

　　8. B 選 B 的依據(jù)在第五段第二句。

   環(huán)球網(wǎng)校友情提示：如果您在此過程中遇到任何疑問，請(qǐng)登錄環(huán)球網(wǎng)校職稱英語頻道及論壇，隨時(shí)與廣大考生朋友們一起交流! 

   編輯推薦：

　　?2014年職稱英語考試教材 新增文章匯總
　　?2014年職稱英語考試真題原文出處匯總
　　?2014年全國職稱英語考試成績查詢
　　?2014年職稱英語考試時(shí)間匯總