2012年自考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)資料：語(yǔ)法總結(jié)（六）

　　(一)限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用that 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的情況$lesson$

　　1.當(dāng)先行詞是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代詞時(shí),或當(dāng)先行詞受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代詞修飾時(shí)。如：轉(zhuǎn)自環(huán) 球 網(wǎng) 校edu24ol.com

　　Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?李老師講的你都記下來(lái)了嗎?

　　There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)似乎世界上沒有什么不可能的事。

　　All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。

　　There is little that I can do for you. 我不能為你干什么。

　　He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在圖書館查找所需的資料。

　　注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who,如：

　　Any man that / who has a sense of duty won't do such a thing. 任何有責(zé)任感的人都不會(huì)做這樣的事。

　　All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有應(yīng)邀來(lái)參加她婚禮的客人都是重要人物。

　　2.當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如：

　　The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在倫敦他們參觀的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。

　　3.當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如：

　　This is the best film that I have ever seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。

　　4.當(dāng)先行詞被the very, the only修飾時(shí)。如：

　　This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 這正是我要買的詞典。

　　After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里發(fā)生了火災(zāi)過后,那輛舊車成了他的唯一擁有。

　　注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí),偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who.如：

　　Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王華是我校唯一出席會(huì)議的人。

　　5.當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時(shí)。如：轉(zhuǎn)自環(huán) 球 網(wǎng) 校edu24ol.com

　　Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在門口的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)?

　　Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身?

　　6.當(dāng)先行詞為人與動(dòng)物或人與物時(shí)。如：

　　They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他們談?wù)撝麄兯苡浧鸬脑谛r(shí)的人和事。

　　Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.　瞧瞧那個(gè)沿街走來(lái)的人和他的 毛驢。

　　(二)關(guān)系代詞as和which 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句

　　as 和which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 其用法有相同之處,也有不同之處。具體情況是：

　　1. as 和which都可以在定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),代表前面整個(gè)句子。如：

　　He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她結(jié)婚了,這是很自然的事。

　　He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很誠(chéng)實(shí), 這一點(diǎn)我們看得出來(lái)。

　　2. as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后,甚至還可以分割主句。 which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只可放在主句之后。另外,as 常常有“正如、正像”的含義。如：

　　As is known to all, China is a developing country. 眾所周知,中國(guó)是發(fā)展中國(guó)家。

　　He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人,這一點(diǎn)我們從他的口音可以知道。

　　John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知, 約翰是個(gè)著名作家。

　　Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I don't believe. 張華已去過巴黎十多次了,這一點(diǎn)我不相信。

　　注意：當(dāng)主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時(shí),關(guān)系詞往往只用which.如：

　　Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 湯姆老是遲到,這使得老師很惱火。

　　These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 這些桌子是金屬的,這使得這些桌子很重。

　　1. 當(dāng)先行詞受such, the same 修飾時(shí),關(guān)系詞常用as. 如：

　　I've never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽過象他講的這樣的故事。

　　He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那樣傻。

　　This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 這部詞典跟我上星期丟失的一樣。

　　注意：當(dāng)先行詞受the same 修飾時(shí),偶爾也用 that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,但與as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句意思有區(qū)別。如：

　　She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding. 她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。

　　She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的連衣裙。

　　(三)以the way為先行詞的限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo),而且通常可以省略。如：

　　The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答這些問題的方式令人驚奇。

　　I don't like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜歡你沖她的樣子。

　　(四)關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的選擇

　　用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的作用(即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞?。試比較：

　　A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一個(gè)我們可以野炊的地方。

　　I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一個(gè)以自然景色優(yōu)美而聞名的地方。

　　B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度假的日子。

　　I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度過的日子。

　　C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 這就是他被解雇的原因。

　　This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 這就是他向我解釋的他沒有參加會(huì)議的原因。

　　(五)but 有時(shí)也用作關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。如：

　　There are very few but admire his talents.　很少有人不贊賞他的才干的。(but = who don't)

　　(六)定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別

　　1.定語(yǔ)從句修飾限定先行詞,它與先行詞是修飾關(guān)系;同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明先行詞的具體內(nèi)容,它與先行詞是同位關(guān)系。

　　The plane that has just taken off is for Paris. (定語(yǔ)從句) 剛剛起飛的那架飛機(jī)是開往巴黎的。

　　The fact that he has already died is quite clear. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 他已經(jīng)去世了,這個(gè)事實(shí)很明了。

　　2.定語(yǔ)從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo),關(guān)系詞在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)相應(yīng)的句子成分,關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)經(jīng)?？墒÷?。同位語(yǔ)從句主要由連詞that 引導(dǎo),在從句中一般不擔(dān)當(dāng)成分;有時(shí)也由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等連詞引導(dǎo),這些連詞則在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。

　　The news that he told me is true. (定語(yǔ)從句) 他告訴我的消息是真的。

　　The news that he has just died is true. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 他剛剛?cè)ナ懒?這個(gè)消息是真的。

　　The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定語(yǔ)從句) 我們現(xiàn)在面臨的問題是如何籌集這么多資金。

　　The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 我們?nèi)绾位I集這么多資金,這個(gè)問題很難解決。

　　The question that he raised puzzled all of us. (定語(yǔ)從句) 他提出的問題讓我們很為難。

　　The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 他是否一定會(huì)贏得那場(chǎng)比賽,這個(gè)問題很難回答。

　　3.同位語(yǔ)從句與先行詞一般可以用動(dòng)詞be發(fā)展成一個(gè)完整的句子, 而定語(yǔ)從句則不能。如：

　　A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. (同位語(yǔ)從句)我們可以向老師請(qǐng)教,這個(gè)主意不錯(cuò)。

　　The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.

　　B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn),這個(gè)事實(shí)人人皆知。

　　The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.

　　C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 請(qǐng)注意如何保護(hù)野生動(dòng)物這個(gè)問題。

　　The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.

?2012年1月各地自學(xué)考試報(bào)名時(shí)間匯總

?2012年高教自考網(wǎng)絡(luò)輔導(dǎo)課程招生簡(jiǎn)章

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