成人英語三級語法知識大全十三

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成人英語三級語法知識大全十三

一.虛擬語氣在條件從句中的用法。

1.表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如：

If I were you, I should(would ,could, might)tell him the truth.

要是我是你，我就會告訴他真相了。(事實(shí)上我不是你)

If she had time, she would(could, might)help me.

如果她有時間，她就會幫我了。(事實(shí)上她沒有時間)

2 .表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如：

If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I should(would, could, might)have telephoned you.如果昨天我知道了你的電話號碼，我就會給你打電話了。(事實(shí)上我昨天不知道你的電話號碼。)

If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t(couldn’t) have failed in the exam.如果你聽了我的建議，你就不會考試不及格。(事實(shí)上你根本沒聽我的。)

3.表示與將來事實(shí)可能相反的假設(shè)和結(jié)果。如：

If it should rain, the crops would(could, might)be saved.

假如天下雨，莊稼可能就收獲了。

注：在表示與將來事實(shí)可能相反的條件從句中，were to + 動詞原形比較正式，常用于書面語中。 If you were to go to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square.

二.虛擬語氣的其它用法。

1 虛擬語氣在主語從句中的用法。 在“It is important (strange, natural, necessary) that…”這類句型中，that所引導(dǎo)的主語從句中的謂語動詞常用 “(should)+動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某事是“重要”，“奇怪”，“自然”，“必要”等意義。如：

It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English.

重要的是每個北京人能說英語。

It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要馬上把他送醫(yī)院。

2 虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的用法。

(1)在動詞wish后的賓語從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在或過去的事實(shí)相反，或?qū)淼闹饔^愿望，從句通常省略連詞that。

a.表示對現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬：從句動詞用過去式或過去進(jìn)行時(be的過去式用were )表示。如：

I wish I knew the answer to the question.

我希望知道這個問題的答案。(可惜不知道。)

I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.

但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(只是愿望，實(shí)際根本不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。)

b.表示對過去情況的虛擬：從句動詞用 had+過去分詞。如：

I wish (that) I hadn’t wasted so much time.

我后悔不該浪費(fèi)這么多時間。(實(shí)際上已經(jīng)浪費(fèi)掉了。)

He wishes (wished) he hadn’t lost the chance. 他真希望沒有失去機(jī)會。(事實(shí)上機(jī)會已經(jīng)失去了，他感到惋惜。)

c.表示對將來的主觀愿望：謂語動詞形式為 “would/should/could/might+動詞原形”，此時要注意，主句的主語與從句的主語不能相同，因?yàn)橹骶涞闹髡Z所期望的從句動作能否實(shí)現(xiàn)，取決于從句主語的態(tài)度或意愿(非動作名詞除外)。如：

I wish it would stop raining.但愿雨能停止。

I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安靜一些。

(2)在suggest(建議), demand(要求), order(命令), propose(建議), insist(堅(jiān)持要做), command(命令), request(要求), desire(希望)等動詞后的賓語從句中，謂語動詞用 “(should)+動詞原形”，表示建議，要求，命令等。如：

I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once.我建議馬上開會。

The undergraduate insisted that he (should) go to work in the south.這位即將畢業(yè)的學(xué)生堅(jiān)持要到南方去工作。

注：當(dāng)suggest表示暗示，主語為something;insist表示堅(jiān)持觀點(diǎn)時，后接的賓語從句當(dāng)用真實(shí)語氣。比較：

His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.

他的沉默暗示著他贊成我的決定。

He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建議我堅(jiān)持自己的決定。

He insists that doing morning exercises does good to people’s health.

他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為做早操對健康有益。

He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他堅(jiān)持他每天都要早操。

3. 虛擬語氣在表語從句中的用法。

當(dāng)主語為advice, suggestion, order, proposal等詞時后接表語從句，表語從句中的謂語動詞常用“(should)+動詞原形”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示某人建議、勸告、命令等的內(nèi)容。如：

My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible.

我的建議是你盡可能經(jīng)常地練習(xí)說英語。

The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately.司令官的命令是部隊(duì)立即開拔去前線。

4.特殊的虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)。

(1)虛擬語氣用在狀語從句中 由as if 或as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示比較或方式時，從句中的謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。動詞形式用動詞的過去式(be→were)或had+過去分詞。如：

The teacher treats the student as if he were her own child.

這位老師帶這位學(xué)生就象她的親生孩子一樣。

He speaks as if he had been to the United States.他說得好象他真的到過美國似的。

(2)在It is time (that) …; I’d rather (that)…句型中從句的謂語動詞常用動詞的過去式表示虛擬語氣，意思是“該干某事了，時間已經(jīng)有些晚了”“我寧愿/希望”。如：

It is time that we did something to stop pollution.該我們做些什么制止污染的時候了。 It is time that Father picked up Lily from the kindergarten.

該父親去幼兒園接莉莉的時候了。

I’d rather you told me the truth.我真希望你告訴我真相。

I’d rather I didn’t see you again.我寧愿不再見著你。

5.虛擬語氣在同位語從句中的用法

在名詞advice, suggestion, order, proposal等后接的同位語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣，起形式為 “(should)+動詞原形”，說明“建議”，“勸告”，“命令”等的具體內(nèi)容。如： The order came that the work should be finished two days ahead of time.

提前兩天完成工作的命令傳來了。

Reluctantly she accepted their proposal that she should be operated on.

她勉強(qiáng)接受了他們要她去接受手術(shù)的建議。

難點(diǎn)釋疑：

(一)主從句時間不一致情況下的虛擬語氣(混合條件句) 有時條件從句中的動作和結(jié)果與主句中的動作，發(fā)生的時間不一致，這時動作的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它所表示的時間加以調(diào)整。如：

If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now. 如果你當(dāng)時聽了我的話，現(xiàn)在就能完成這份工作了。(從句說明過去，主句說明現(xiàn)在。)

If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.

如果我是你，我就去參加她的生日晚會了。(從句說明現(xiàn)在，主句說明過去。)

If you hadn’t lent me some money, I couldn’t have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.假若你不借錢給我， 我不可能買下這幢新房，很可能現(xiàn)在還住在危房里。(從句說明過去，主句說明過去和現(xiàn)在。)

(二)含蓄條件句 非真實(shí)條件句中的條件從句有時不表出來，只暗含在上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句大體有三種情況;

1. 條件暗含在短語中。如：

(1)W hat would I have done without you?

如沒有你，我會怎么辦呢?(條件暗含在分詞短語without you中)

(2) It would be easier to do it this way.

這樣做會比較容易。(條件暗含在不定式短語to do it this way中)

(3) This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster.

同樣的事，如發(fā)生在戰(zhàn)時，就會釀成大禍。(條件暗含在分詞短語happening in wartime中)

(4) But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded in the experiment.

如果沒有你的幫助，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)是不會成功。 (暗含條件是but for your help)

(5) He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that

great beast.他一定是力大如河馬，否則他絕不會擊敗那只龐大的野獸。(暗含條件是連詞or)

(6) Alone, he would have been terrified.

如是單獨(dú)一人，他是會感到害怕的。(暗含條件是alone)

(三)條件從句中省去if的情況 在if引導(dǎo)的表示虛擬的條件狀語從句中，?？梢允÷詉f，將had, were或should提至句首。

Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.

假如我看了那部電影，昨晚我就可以和他們一起討論了。

Were I a bird, I could fly freely. 假如我是一只小鳥，我就能自由翱翔。

Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.

要是下周能下雨的話，農(nóng)民們就能有個好收成了。

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