04年11月成人本科學(xué)位英語考試A卷試題及答案

2004年11月北京成人本科學(xué)位英語考試A卷

Part I  Reading Comprehension 
Passage 1  
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:  
In the United States, 30 percent of the adult population has a "weight problem". To many people, the cause is obvious: they eat too much. But scientific evidence does little to support this idea. Going back to the America of the 1910s, we find that people were thinner than today, yet they ate more food. In those days people worked harder physically, walked more, used machines much less and didn't watch television.  

Several modem studies, moreover, have shown that fatter people do not eat more on the average than thinner people. In fact, some investigations, such as the 1979 study of 3, 545 London office workers, report that, on balance, fat people eat less than slimmer people.  

Studies show that slim people are more active than fat people. A study by a research group at Stanford University School of Medicine found the following interesting facts:  

The more the men ran, the more body fat they lost.  

The more they ran, the greater amount of food they ate.  

(76) [Thus, those who ran the most ate the most, yet lost the greatest amount of body fat.]

[文章大意及重要詞匯]

美國30%的成人（adult）都有“體重（weight）問題”。大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為造成這一現(xiàn)象的原因很明顯（obvious）他們吃的太胖了。但是這一觀點卻沒有足夠的科學(xué)證據(jù)（evidence）來支撐?；仡櫼幌?0世紀(jì)處的美國，當(dāng)時的人們普遍比現(xiàn)在的人瘦，吃得比現(xiàn)在的人多，同時他們的體力勞動（physically）很辛苦、經(jīng)常走路、很少使用機(jī)器、也不看電視。

現(xiàn)在許多研究也表明。從整體上（average）來看胖人比瘦人吃得要少。而1979年對倫敦3545個辦公室人員的調(diào)查也恰恰證實了這一觀點。

研究同時也表明瘦人比胖人運動量更大。美國斯坦福大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了下列有趣的事實：

運動量越大的人，消耗的體內(nèi)脂肪越多。運動量越大的人，飯量越大。

因此（Thus），運動量最大的人吃得也最多，但同時消耗的體內(nèi)脂肪也最多。

1. The physical problem that many adult Americans have is that__________.  
A. they are too slim         B. they work too hard  
C. they are too fat           D. they lose too much body fat
答案：C 細(xì)節(jié)題。答案在第一段第一句話,“In the United States, 30 percent of the adult population has a "weight problem許多美國成年人身體問題是他們太胖了"。 

2. According to the article, given 500 adult Americans, __________ people will have a "weight problem".  
A. 30       B. 50       C. 100       D. 150
答案：D計算題。答案在第一段第三句話,“In the United States, 30 percent of the adult population has a "weight problem"”做一個簡單的剩法就得到答案。 

3. Is there any scientific evidence to support that eating too much is the cause of a "weight problem"?  
A. Yes, there is plenty of evidence.  
B. Of course, there is some evidence to show this is true.  
C. There is hardly any scientific evidence to support this.  
D. We don't know because the information is not given.
答案：C細(xì)節(jié)題。答案在第一段第二和第三句話,“To many people, the cause is obvious: they eat too much But scientific evidence does little to support this idea因此幾乎沒有任何科學(xué)家依據(jù)證明這一點”。

4. In comparison with the adult American population today, the Americans of the 1910s __________.  
A. ate more food and had more physical activities  
B. ate less food but had more activities  
C. ate less food and had less physical exercise  
D. had more weight problems 
答案：A細(xì)節(jié)題。答案在第一段?！癎oing back to the America of the 1910s, we find that people were thinner than today, yet they [ate more food.] In those days people [worked harder physically]” 題干中[worked harder physically]相當(dāng)于答案中had more physical activities。

5. Modem scientific researches have reported to us that__________.  
A. fat people eat less food and are less active  
B. fat people eat more food than slim people and are more active  
C. fat people eat more food than slim people but are less active  
D. thin people run less, but have greater increase in food intake
答案：A細(xì)節(jié)題。答案在第一段?！癎oing back to the America of the 1910s, we find that people were thinner than today, yet they [ate more food.] In those days people [worked harder physically]” 題干中[worked harder physically]相當(dāng)于答案中had more physical activities。

Passage 2  
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:  
By adopting a few simple techniques, parents who read to their children can greatly increase their children's language development. It is surprising but true. (77) [How parents talk to their children makes a big difference in the children's language development. If a parent encourages the child to actively respond to what the parent is reading, the child's language skills increase].  

A study was done with 30 three-year-old children and their parents. Half of the children participated in the experimental study; the other half acted as the control group. In the experimental group, the parents were given a two-hour training session in which they were taught to ask open-ended questions rather than yes-or-no questions. For example, the parent should ask, "What is the doggie doing?" rather than "Is the doggie running away?" (78) [The parents in the experimental group were also instructed in how to help children find answers, how to suggest alternative possibilities and how to praise correct answers].  

At the beginning of the study, the children did not differ in measures of language development, but at the end of one month, the children in the experimental group showed 5.5 months ahead of the control group on a test of verbal expression and vocabulary. Nine months later, the children in the experimental group still showed an advance of 6 months over the children in the control group.  

[文章大意及重要詞匯]

父母通過有技巧（techniques）的朗讀可以讓孩子的語言能力得到迅速的發(fā)展（development）。這一事實雖令人吃驚，但卻是真實的。父母和孩子談話的方式對孩子的語言能力發(fā)展影響很大（makes a big difference）。如果父母鼓勵孩子對其所朗讀的內(nèi)容做出積極反應(yīng)（respond），孩子的語言能力就會有很大的提高。

我們在30個三歲的孩子和他們的父母中間做了一個實驗。一半孩子屬于實驗（experimental）組，另一半是控制組。實驗組的家長接受了一個兩個小時的培訓(xùn)，要求他們問孩子們開放式的問題而不能問用“是”或者“不是”來回答的簡單問題，如何引導(dǎo)他們思考其他選擇的可能性以及如何表揚（praise）孩子的正確選擇。

實驗初期，孩子的語言能力發(fā)展并沒有明顯區(qū)別。一個月后，實驗組的孩子們比控制組的孩子在語言表達(dá)和詞匯量方面領(lǐng)先5.5個月。9個月后，實驗組的孩子們?nèi)匀辉谶@些方面比控制組的孩子領(lǐng)先（advance）6個月。

6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?  
A. Children who talk a lot are more intelligent.  
B. Parents who listen to their children can teach them more.  
C. Active children should read more and be given more attention.  
D. Verbal ability can easily be developed with proper methods.
答案：D 推斷題。答案在第一段。

7. What does "it" in line 2 can most probably be replaced by?
  A. Parents increasing children's language development  
B. Reading techniques being simple  
C. Parents reading to children  
D. Children's intelligence development
答案：A 詞義題。根據(jù)上下文，it指父母能提高孩子的語言能力。

8. According to the author, which of the following questions is the best type to ask children about?  
A. Do you see the elephant?     B. Is the elephant in the cage?  
C. What animals do you like?    D. Shall we go to the zoo?  
答案：C推斷題，答案在第二段，可以看出，父母應(yīng)該問一些開放性的問題，而不是只需回答是或不是問題。

9. The difference between the control group and the experimental group was __________.  
A. the training that parents received  
B. the age of the children   可以看出，父母接受了兩個小時的培訓(xùn)，而控制組的父母并沒有此培訓(xùn)。
C. tile books that were read  
D. the number of the children 
答案：A細(xì)節(jié)題，答案在第二段，區(qū)別在于實驗組里的家長接受了培訓(xùn)。

10. The best conclusion we can draw from the passage is that __________.  
A. parents should be trained to read to their children  
B. the more children read, the more intelligent they will become  
C. children's language skills increase when they are required to respond actively  
D. children who read actively seem six months older  
答案：C推斷題，答案在第一段最后一句。選項C即為該句的同義改寫。

Passage 3  
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:  
(79)[The agriculture revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things: the invention of labor-saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture.] Labor-saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was scarce. "In Europe", said Thomas Jefferson, "the object is to make the most of their land, labor being sufficient; here it is to make the most of our labor, land being abundant". It was in America, therefore, that the great advances in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came. At the opening of the century, with the exception of a crude(粗糙的) plow, farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural tools on their backs. (80)[By 1860，most of the machinery in use today had been designed in an early form]. The most important of the early inventions was the iron plow. As early as 1890 Charles Newbolt of New Jersey had been working on the idea of a cast-iron plow and spent his entire fortune in introducing his invention. The farmers, however, would home none of it, claiming that the iron poisoned the soil and made the weeds grow. Nevertheless, many people devoted their attention to the plow, until in 1869, James Oliver of South Bend,  

Indiana, turned out the first chilled-steel plow. 

[文章大意及重要詞匯]

19世紀(jì)的農(nóng)業(yè)（agriculture）革命（revolution）包括兩個部分：省力農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械（machinery）的發(fā)明（invention）和科學(xué)農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展。省力機(jī)械通常在勞動力缺乏的地方首先出現(xiàn)。托馬斯?杰弗遜說過“在歐洲是為了充分利用土地，那里勞動力非常充足（sufficient）；而這里則是為了充分利用勞動力，土地非常充足”。因此，19世紀(jì)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械首先在美國取得了巨大進(jìn)步（advances）。19世紀(jì)處了粗糙的犁以外，農(nóng)民幾乎可以肩背所有存在的農(nóng)具。到1860年人們就已經(jīng)設(shè)計出許多今天仍在使用的機(jī)器的雛形。鐵犁是早期發(fā)明中最重要的。早在1980年新澤西州的查爾斯? 紐波特已經(jīng)開始致力于鍛鐵犁的研究，并把他的全部財富投入到其他發(fā)明的推廣應(yīng)用。但是，當(dāng)時的農(nóng)民都拒絕采用，他們認(rèn)為鐵會毒害（poison）土壤和導(dǎo)致雜草叢生。盡管如此（nevertheless），許多人仍然花大量的精力（attention）致力于研究，直到1869年，印第安納州南本德市的詹姆斯?奧利弗研制出第一用冷卻鋼制造的犁。

11. The word "here" (Para. 1, Line 6) refers to__________.  
A. Europe                 B. America  
C. New Jersey              D. Indiana
答案：B語義題。根據(jù)上下文，這里的“here”指的是美國。

12. Which of the following statement is NOT true?  
A. The need for labor helped the invention of machinery in America.  
B. The farmer rejected Charles Newbolt's plow for fear of ruin of their fields.  
C. Both Europe and America had great need for farm machinery.  
D. It was in Indiana that the first chilled-steel plow was produced.
答案：C判斷題?？刹捎弥痦椗懦ǎ紫菳和D比較容易定位，閱讀原文后，肯定這兩個選項是正確，接著排除A和C中的一個，根據(jù)題意可知A是正確的，C是錯誤的。

13. The passage is mainly about__________.  
A. the agriculture revolution  
B. the invention of labor-saving machinery  
C. the development of scientific agriculture  
D. the farming machinery in America
答案：B主旨題。文章的中心思想應(yīng)當(dāng)是：“節(jié)省勞動力的機(jī)器的發(fā)明”。

14. At the opening of the nineteenth-century, farmers in America__________.  
A. preferred light tools  
B. were extremely self-reliant (自給的)  
C. had many tools  
D. had very few tools
答案：D推斷題。根據(jù)題意“At the opening of the century, with the exception of a crude(粗糙的) plow, farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural tools on their backs.可見他們的農(nóng)具很多”。 

15. It is implied but not stated in the passage that __________.  
A. there was a shortage of workers on American farms  
B. the most important of the early invention was the iron plow  
C. after 1869, many people devoted their attention to the plow  
D. Charles Newbolt had made a fortune by his cast-iron plow  
答案：A推斷題。文章暗含的內(nèi)容：“美國缺乏勞動力”。

Part II  Vocabulary and Structure   
16. The bridge was named __________ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.  
A. after                   B. for  
C. because of              D. before
答案：A固定搭配name after 以…為名。

17. There was a large crowd in the square __________ against the war.  
A. protecting               B. protesting  
C. preventing               D. promoting
答案：B固定搭配protest against 對某事提出抗議。

18. We have __________ to the government for a home improvement loan.  
A. arranged                B. approached  
C. applied                  D. appointed
答案：C固定搭配apply for 申請。

19. Tom __________ the shopkeeper with overcharging him for the articles he had bought.  
A. accused                 B. charged  
C. blamed                  D. criticized
答案：B固定搭配charge with 指控，指責(zé)。

20. The idea sounds very good but will it work in __________?  
A. practice                 B. place  
C. advance                 D. company  
答案：A固定搭配in practice 在實踐中，實際上。

21. He got a job so that he could be independent __________ his parents.  
A. on                    B. in  
C. of                    D. from
答案：C固定搭配be independent of 獨立于…之外,不受…支配。

22. We had to wait a long time to get our passports, __________?  
A. won't we                B. don't we  
C. didn't we                D. shouldn't you
答案：C反意疑問句的用法,陳述部分的謂語動詞是had to,實義動詞的一般過去式，因此設(shè)問部分應(yīng)該用助動詞。

23. Do you feel like __________ today?  
A. having something eaten    B. having something to eat  
C. to have something eaten    D. to have something to eat
答案：B固定搭配feel like doing sth 想要…。

24. It's vital that enough money __________ collected to get the project started.  
A. is                      B. be  
C. must be                 D. can be
答案：C虛擬語氣的用法It's vital that +動詞原形，這是一種典型的虛擬語氣。

25. We consider __________the instrument be adjusted each time it is used.  
A. that it necessary          B. it necessary that  
C. necessary that            D. necessary of it that
答案：B形式賓語it的用法consider +it +adj. + that…it做形式賓語，真正的賓語是that后的從句。

26. __________, we decided to leave at once, as we didn't want to risk missing the bus.  
A. As it being pretty late     B, It being pretty late  
C. It was being pretty late    D. Being pretty late
答案：D非謂語動詞的用法，本句為現(xiàn)在分詞短語做原因狀語，分詞的主語和句子的主語一致。

27. __________ was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality.  
A. What                 B. That  
C. Which                 D. As
答案：A主語從句的用法，What was once regarded as impossible為主語從句。

28. Mr. Smith, together with his wife and children, __________ going to the party this weekend.  
A. am                     B. is  
C. are                      D. will
答案：B主謂一致，本句的主語是Mr. Smith, together with his wife and children 是插入語。不改變主語的數(shù)。

29. Would you mind __________ the computer game in your room?  
A. him playing             B. his playing  
C. him to play              D. him play
答案：B動名詞的用法，min doing sth介意做某事做賓語。當(dāng)動名詞前有某人做其邏輯主語時。用其形容詞性的物主代詞。

30. By next year he __________ in New York for five years.  
A. has worked              B. has been working
C. works                  D. will have worked
答案：D將來完成時，以By引導(dǎo)的將來的時間后面接將來完成時。

31. Henry is often seen __________ English aloud every morning in the classroom.  
A. read                   B. reads  
C. reading                D. to read
答案：C現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語，表示動作正在進(jìn)行。

32. The Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth __________ well.  
A. would not grow          B. will not grow  
C. had not grown           D. would not be grown
答案：A虛擬語氣，Without引導(dǎo)含蓄的虛擬條件句，本句是與現(xiàn)在的事實相反的句子。 

33. Only recently __________ to deal with the environmental problems.  
A. something has done       B. has something done  
C. has something been done  D. something has been done
答案：C倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，Only 放在句首，句子倒裝。 

34. The question __________ at the meeting tomorrow is very important.  
A. to discuss               B. being discussed  
C. to be discussed           D. will be discussed
答案：C不定式的用法，不定式短語用作動語修飾名詞，主語和動詞之間為被動關(guān)系，因此用被動形式。 

35. Since this road is wet and slippery this morning, it __________ last night.  
A. must rain               B. was raining  
C. must have rained         D. may rain
答案：C情態(tài)動詞，主語+ must + have +過去分詞，表示對過去事實的推測。

36. The mother didn't know __________ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.  
A. who                    B. when  
C. how                    D. what 
答案：A動詞不定式的疑問式的用法，連接代詞或副詞+不定式夠成了不定式疑問式，在句子中可以做主語、賓語、表語和狀語。

37. I believe that every crime, __________ the circumstance, should be severely punished.  
A. in spite of               B. because of  
C. instead of               D. on account of
答案：A短語辨析，in spite of 不管，不管；because of因為，由于；instead of 代替；on account of由于，因為。根據(jù)句意A符合。

38. The workers are busy __________ models for the exhibition.  
A. to make                B. with making  
C. being making            D. making
答案：D固定搭配be busy doing sth 忙于做…。

39. Yesterday Mr. Smith gave a vivid __________ of his recent visit to China.  
A. dialogue               B. idea  
C. tale                    D. account
答案：D固定搭配give a account of 報告，敘述，說明。

40. The definition leaves __________ for disagreement.  
A. a small room            B. much room  
C. room          D. not so big a room
答案：B不可數(shù)名詞的用法。句中room做“空間，余地”，為不可數(shù)名詞。A和D中的room是可數(shù)名詞；C中的great deal應(yīng)為a great deal of，后接可數(shù)名詞。

41. By the time you arrive this evening,  __________ for two hours.  
A. I will study              B. I will have been studied  
C. I had studied             D. I will have been studying
答案：B將來完成時，By the time后接一個表示將來時間的詞或短語或一個表將來動作的從句時，主句要用將來完成時。

42. I would have joined him in a picnic, but I __________ his company.  
A. will not like            B. don't like  
C. had not liked            D. might not like
答案：B虛擬語氣，would have done sth.表與現(xiàn)在事實相反。

43. Let's finish our homework in a few seconds; it's time we __________.  
A. played football          B. will play football  
C. play football            D. are playing football
答案：A虛擬語氣的特殊形式，it's time+that+一般過去時。

44. __________ at Harvard, he began again to write his essay.  
A. Busy was as he           B. Busy as was he  
C. Busy as he was           D. As was he busy
答案：C倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，由as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句置于主句之前時表語要倒裝。

45. Pierre often makes himself __________ by gesturing with his hands.  
A. to understand             B. understanding  
C. to be understood          D. understood  
答案：D動詞的用法，make himself understood使自己的意思被別人明白。
 
Part III  Identification     
46. [Advertising] gives useful information about [which] [products] [to buying].  
       A                      B             C             D
答案：D應(yīng)改為to buy，which to buy是動詞不定式的疑問式。
 
47. [In Hawaii] people are [friendly] and always [warmly] [welcomed] visitors.    
A               B                 C          D
答案：D應(yīng)改為welcome,做謂語動詞，一般現(xiàn)在時。

48. Mara Dona will [face] a possible prison term [if] [finding] guilty [on] the shooting
                 A                   B       C           D
charges.  

答案：C應(yīng)改為found，謂語動詞和主語之間的關(guān)系為被動。

49. [Having returned] from [Berlin], he received no [telephone call], [neither]. 
A         B              C                 D
答案：D neither表示否定意義，但句中已經(jīng)有了否定詞no。

50. "I[am looking] forward [to] [receive] your letter!" she said [happily].  
        A              B   C                       D 
答案：C應(yīng)改為receiving，look forward to doing sth，盼望做…。

51. [It is] [in] his spare time [when] Robert teaches [himself] English and Japanese.  
    A   B              C                  D  
答案：C應(yīng)改為that, it is…，that…強(qiáng)調(diào)句型（時間）。

52. People complain that [the cost] of [setting up] a company [are] so great that only   
                       A       B                C  
the rich can afford [to run] a company in that country.  
                 D
答案：C應(yīng)改為is，因為本句的主語是the cost ，是不可數(shù)名詞。

53. Between [you and I], we [have had] an eye [on] him for some time,  
A          B            C  
and he [might be] a runaway.  
         D  
答案：A代詞用錯，通讀全句，可知A中I不對，應(yīng)改為he。

54. [At] school Li Ming ran [into] many problems, such as [choosing] classes
    A                   B                        C       
and [to hande] his time.    
    D
答案：D應(yīng)改為handling，和前面的choosing是平行結(jié)構(gòu)，接在such as的后面。
 
55. [Comparing] with the weather [of] last winter, it is [much] milder and more pleasant
     A                     B                 C          
[this winter].   
   D  
答案：A應(yīng)改為Compared，因為分詞的主語和句子的主語不一致。

Part IV Cloze  
Can authority be criticized? In  56  of the word, authority is not  57  either out of respect or out of  58  . In such countries children are not expected to  59  their teachers in school and  60  young scholars or  61  industrial mean are hampered (受阻) in technical research because they don't feel free to  62  with their superiors. Clever researchers may be considered too  63   to have "any fight" to present  64  that are different from knowledge and wisdom of men of old ages.  65  , the American is  66  from childhood to question, analyze and search. School tasks are  67  to encourage the use of a   68   range of materials. A composition topic like" Write a paper  69   the world's supply of sugar" will send even  70  in search of completely unfamiliar ideas.  71  in the primary grades, children are taught to  72  libraries, and to search for  73  ideas of various sorts.   74  the time they are 14, 15 and 16, many young scholars are marking original and  75  contributions in all fields of science.  
56. A. much    B. any       C. such       D. many  
57. A. accepted       B. claimed      C. isolated   D. challenged  
58. A. hate     B. mercy        C. fear       D. sympathy  
59. A. question        B. ask          C. change      D. charge  
60. A. famous          B. brilliant       C. employed     D. curios  
61. A. imaginative     B. sensible    C. original       D. affective  
62. A. disagree        B. complain     C. link       D. cooperate  
63. A. young         B. brave         C. old        D. nervous  
64. A. functions       B. awards       C. rewards       D. findings  
65. A. Secondly       B. Then          C. Therefore     D. However  
66. A. treated          B. trained       C. traced      D. transformed  
67. A. done            B. designed     C. fulfilled     D. neglected  
68. A. wide            B. limited    C. moderate      D. various  
69. A. of          B. on       C. for        D .to  
70. A. a child          B. a boy      C. a girl        D. an adult  
71. A. Since     B. As        C. If            D. Even  
72. A. organize        B. manage      C. clean         D. use  
73.A. conventional    B. same        C. new         D. familiar  
74. A. When        B. Since        C. During       D. By  
75. A. precious        B. valuable     C. worth        D. priceless 

Part IV Cloze key 
56.C  57.D  58.A  59.A  60.B  61.A  62.A  63.C  64.D  65.D 
66.B  67.B  68.C  69.B  70.D  71.D  72.B  73.C  74.D  75.D

Part V  Translation
Section A  
76. How parents talk to their children makes a big difference in the children's language development. If a parent encourages the child to actively respond to what the parent is reading, the child's language skills increase. (Passage 1) 
解析：定語從句的翻譯。
譯文“跑得最快的人吃得也最多，其消耗的體內(nèi)脂肪也就最多”。

77. The parents in the experimental group were also instructed in how to help children find answers, how to suggest alternative possibilities and how to praise correct answers. (Passage 1)
解析：翻譯時注意，第一句主語是一個動詞不定式的疑問句，第二句是含有條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句。
譯文“父母于孩子的談話方式對孩子的語言能力的發(fā)展影響很大，如果父母鼓勵孩子對他（她）所讀內(nèi)容做出積極反應(yīng)，孩子的語言能力就可以得到明顯提高”。

78. The agriculture revolution in the nineteenth century involved two things: the invention of laborsaving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture. (Passage 2)
解析：動詞不定式的疑問式并列句的翻譯。
譯文“實驗組的父母還學(xué)會了如何幫助孩子們找出答案，如何引導(dǎo)孩子思考其他答案的可能性，以及如何鼓勵孩子得出正確答案”。 

79. By 1860, most of the machinery in use today had been designed in an early form. (Passage 2)
解析：本題生單詞較多，同學(xué)們翻譯時多注意。
譯文“19世紀(jì)的農(nóng)業(yè)革命包括兩個方面：節(jié)省勞力的機(jī)器的發(fā)明和科技農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展”。 

80. Thus, those who ran the most ate the most, yet lost the greatest amount of body fat. (Passage 3)
解析：本題是對時態(tài)和具體詞組的考查，漢語的時態(tài)通過時間副詞來表示，英文則通過動詞的不同變化。譯文“絕大多數(shù)今天使用的農(nóng)具，在1860年已具雛形”。 

Section B  
81．我們的新產(chǎn)品非常受歡迎，對此我們感到十分自豪。
解析：為誰感到自豪的用法是be proud that…。
譯文“we are proud that our new products are popular among consumers”。 

82．您能說話大聲點好讓每個人都聽得見嗎?
解析：委婉的語氣應(yīng)該用Can you /could you，以表示對說話人尊重。
譯文“Could you speak louder to make yourself heard? ”。 

83．除了英語，你最好再學(xué)一門外語。
解析：選詞在這句話中起主要作用，漢語中“除了”并不會引起任何歧義，但英語中besides與在漢語卻只有一個對應(yīng)詞，意思卻大相徑庭，同學(xué)們在翻譯過程中要學(xué)會活用。
譯文“You’d better learn another foreign language besides English”。

84．在教育孩子方面，表揚要比批評有效得多。 
解析：表揚和批評是本題翻譯的重點，這里用它的ing形式比較合適，另外要體現(xiàn)比較級的用法more …than…。
譯文“Praising is more effective than criticizing in educating children”。

85．每個人都知道，學(xué)習(xí)對一個人的成長是至關(guān)重要的。
解析：It is…that…是固定句型，同時be +of +n，相當(dāng)于這個名詞的形容詞形式。
譯文“It is known to us all that studying is of vital importance to a person’s growing-up.”。