2013年職稱英語(yǔ)衛(wèi)生類B級(jí)閱讀理解練習(xí)題及答案(1)

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　DNA testing

　　DNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person. Since the early twentieth century scientists have known that all human characteristics are contained in a person's genes and are passed from parents to children. Genes work as a chemical instruction manual for each part and each function of the body. Their basic chemical element is called DNA, a copy of which can be found in every cell. The existence of genes and the chemical structure of DNA were understood by the mid-1900s, but scientists have only recently been able to identify a person from just a drop of blood or a single hair.One of the most important uses of DNA testing is in criminal investigation. The very first use of DNA testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain, when a man confessed to killing a young woman in the English countryside. Because police had found samples of the killer's DNA at the scene

　　of the crime, a biologist suggested that it might be possible to compare that DNA to some from the confessor's blood. To everyone's surprise, the tests showed that he was not the killer. Nor was he guilty of a similar murder that had happened some time earlier. At that point he admitted that be had confessed to the crimes out of fear and police pressure. The police then asked 5, 000 local men for samples of their blood, and DNA testing revealed that one of them was the real murderer, so the first man was set free.

　　In 1992, two law professors, Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck, decided to use DNA evidence to help set free such mistakenly convicted prisoners. With the help of their students, they created a not-for-profit organization called the Innocence Project. Most of their clients are poor men, many from racial and ethnic minorities. In fact, studies have shown that U. S. judges and juries are often influenced by racial and ethnic background, and that people from minority groups are more likely to be convicted.

　　Some of these men had been sentenced to death, a form of punishment used in thirty eight states out of fifty (as of 2006). For most of these prisoners, their only hope was another trial in which DNA testing could be used to prove their innocence.

　　Between 1992 and 2006, the Innocence Project helped free 100 men. Some of these prisoners had been in jail for ten, twenty years or more for crimes they did not commit. However, the goal of the Innocence Project is not simply to set free those who are wrongfully in jail. They also hope to bring about

　　real changes in the criminal justice system.

　　Illinois in the late 1990s, a group of journalism students at Northwestern University were able to bring about such a change in that state. They began investigating some Illinois prisoners who claimed to be innocent. Through DNA testing, the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were

　　not guilty of the crimes they had been accused of. Thirteen of these men were set free, and in 2000,Governor Ryan of Illinois decided to stop carrying out death sentences until further study could be made of the prisoners' cases. The use of DNA in criminal cases is still being debated around the world. Some fear that governments will one day keep records of everyone's DNA, which could put limits on the privacy and freedom of citizens. Other people mistrust the science of DNA testing and think that lawyers use it to get their clients free whether or not they are guilty. But for those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free men, DNA testing has meant nothing less than a return to life. And with the careful use of DNA testing, no innocent person should ever be convicted again.

　　31. What is the main idea of this passage?

　　A. DNA testing has changed the American legal system.

　　B. DNA testing has helped innocent men go free in Illinois.

　　C. DNA testing uses genetics to identify a person.

　　D. DNA testing has played a key role in criminal investigation.

　　32. DNA testing was first used in a criminal case by________.

　　A. a lawyer in New York

　　B. students in Illinois

　　C. doctors in the United States

　　D. police in Great Britain

　　33. The Innocence Project uses DNA testing to________.

　　A. set free innocent prisoner

　　B. help the police put people in prison

　　C. find out which lawyer are incompetent

　　D. prove that suspects are guilty

　　34. Some students in Northwestern University________.

　　A. proved some prisoners were not guilty

　　B. believed some suspects were from ethnic groups

　　C. told the governors of Illinois not to free the prisoners

　　D. showed DNA testing was not always reliable

　　35. What is the author's attitude toward DNA testing?

　　A.Negative.

　　B. Positive.

　　C. Suspicious.

　　D. Indifferent.

　　參考答案：

　　31.D【解析】題意：本文的大意是什么?

　　通讀全文，主要講述根據(jù)DNA在刑偵中舉足輕重。文章最后一段最后幾句為相應(yīng)的表述：But fo, those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free man，DNA testing has meant nothing less than a return to life.And with the careful use of DNA testing，no innocent person should ever be convicted again，故本題選D。

　　32.D【解析】題意：DNA測(cè)試是被誰(shuí)首次用于刑事案件的?

　　根據(jù)文章第二段第二句The very first use of DNA testing in a criminal case was in l985 in Great Britain可知，第一次將DNA測(cè)試用于刑偵是在英國(guó)，故本題選D。

　　33.A【解析】題意：“清白項(xiàng)目”利用DNA測(cè)試做了什么?

　　根據(jù)文章第三段第一、二句In l992，two law professors，decided to use DNA evidence to help set free such mistakenly convicted prisoner…created a organization called the innocence project可知，兩位法學(xué)教授設(shè)立這一項(xiàng)目是為了幫助那么被錯(cuò)判的犯人，還他們以清白，故本題選A。

　　34.A【解析】題意：西北大學(xué)的一些學(xué)生做了什么?

　　根據(jù)文章第五段第三句Through DNA testing，the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty of the crimes they had been accused of可知，學(xué)生們利用DNA測(cè)試證明了一些囚犯是無(wú)罪的，故本題選A。

　　35.B【解析】題意：作者對(duì)DNA測(cè)試的態(tài)度如何?

　　根據(jù)文章最后一句And with the careful use of DNA testing，no innocent person should ever be convicted again可知作者對(duì)DNA測(cè)試的態(tài)度是支持的，故本題選B。

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