2014年職稱英語(yǔ)(綜合類(lèi))教材概括大意文章及譯文15

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　　綜合類(lèi)-概括大意　

　　Smoke Gets in Your Mind

　　1. Lung cancer, hypertension, heart disease, birth defects―we are all too familiar with the dangers of smoking. But add to that list a frightening new concern. Mental illness. According to some controversial new findings, if smoking does not kill you, it may, quite litter, drive you to despair。

　　2. The tobacco industry openly pushes its product as something to lift your mood and soothe anxiety. But the short-term feel-good effect may mask the truth: that smoking may worsen or even trigger anxiety disorders, panic attacks and depression, perhaps even schizophrenia.

　　3. Cigarettes and mental illness have always tended to go together. An estimated 1.25 billion people smoke worldwide. Yet people who are depressed or anxious are twice as likely to smoke, and up to 88 per cent of those with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia smokers. A recent American survey concluded that around half of all cigarettes burn in the fingers of those with mental illness.

　　4. But the big question is why? The usual story is that the illness comes first. Mentally ill people take up smoking, or smoke more to alleviate some of their distress. Even when smoking seems to start before the illness, most doctors believe that early but invisible symptoms of the disorder spark the desire to light up. But perhaps something more sinister is going on.

　　5. A growing number of researchers claim that smoking is the cause, not the consequence of clinical depression and several forms of anxiety. “We know a lot about the effects of smoking on physical health, and now we are also starting to see the adverse effects in new research on mental illness,” says Naomi Breslau, director of research at the Henry Ford Health Care System in Detroit.

　　6. Breslau was one of the first to consider this heretical possibility. The hint came from studies, published in 1998, which followed a group of just over 1,000 young adults for a five-year period. The 13 per cent who began the study with major depression were around three times more likely to progress from being light smokers to daily smokers during the course of the study, though there was no evidence that depression increased the tendency to take up smoking. But a history of daily smoking before the study commenced roughly doubled the risk of developing major depression during the five-year period Smoking, it seems, could pre-dateillness.

　　7. At first Breslau concluded that whatever prompts people to smoke might also make them depressed. But as the results of other much larger studies began to back the statistical link, she became more convinced than ever that what she was seeing were signs that smoking, perhaps the nicotine itself, could somehow affect the brain and cause depression.

　　8. One of these larger studies was led by Goodman, a pediatrician. She followed the health of two groups of teenagers for a year. the first group of 8,704 adolescents were not depressed, and might or might not have been smokers, while the second group of 6,947 were highly depressed and had not been smokers in the past month. After a year her team found that although depressed teenagers were more likely to have become heavy smokers, previous experimentation with smoking was the strongest predictor of such behaviour, not the depression itself. What is more important is that teenagers who started out mentally fit but smoked at least one packet per week during the study were four times more likely to develop depression than their non-smoking peers. Goodman says that depression does not seem to start before cigarette use among teens. “Current cigarette use is however, a powerful determinant of developing high depressive symptoms(癥狀).”

　　9. Breslau, too, finds that smokers are as much as four times more likely to have an isolated panic attack and three times more likely to develop longer-term panic disorder than non-smokers. It’s a hard message to get across, because many smokers say they become anxious when they quit, not when they smoke. But Breslau says that this is a short-lived effect of withdrawal which masks the reality that, in general, smokers have higher anxiety levels than non-smokers or ex-smokers.

　　詞匯：

　　hypertension 高血壓 clinical 臨床的

　　schizophrenia 精神分裂癥 heretical 異端的

　　psychotic 精神分裂的 prompt 促使

　　alleviate 減輕 nicotine 尼古丁

　　sinister 不祥的 peadiatrician 兒科醫(yī)生

　　注釋：

　　1.Even when smoking seems to start before the illness, most doctors believe that early but invisible symptoms of the disorder spark the desire to light up.即使病人是在得病之前就開(kāi)始抽煙的，但大多數(shù)醫(yī)生相信早期一些沒(méi)有覺(jué)察到的癥狀使病人產(chǎn)生了抽煙的欲望。

　　2.... studies ... which followed a group ... : ???…對(duì)一組作跟蹤的調(diào)查

　　3.... although depressed teenagers were more likely to have become heavy smokers, previous experimentation with smoking was the strongest predictor of such behaviour, not the depression itself.：……雖然情緒抑郁的少年更有可能成為癮君子，但究其原因卻往往是以前有過(guò)嘗試抽煙這樣的經(jīng)歷，而不是情緒抑郁本身所致。

　　4.It's a hard message to get across. 這個(gè)信息很難讓人理解。

　　練習(xí)：

　　1.Paragraph 3 _________

　　2.Paragraph 4 _________

　　3.Paragraph 6 _________

　　4.Paragraph 8 _________

　　A. Doubt about the Usual Belief

　　B. Researchers’ Opinions Divided

　　C. Positive Effects of Smoking as Advertised

　　D. Close Association Between Depression and Smoking

　　E. Breslau’s Conclusion Supported by Another Larger Study

　　F. Effect of Smoking on mental Health Initially Proved

　　5.Nowadays many doctors have become aware that smoking is not only a hazard to people’s physical health ___________.

　　6.The cigarette ads which claim that smoking can help soothe anxiety __________.

　　7.Breslau’s study _________than Goodman’s but lasted longer.

　　8.To contradict Breslau’s conclusion, many smokers say that they are less anxious when they smoke _________.

　　A. have been proved to be misleading

　　B. but to their mental health as well

　　C. taking up smoking

　　D. involved fewer people

　　E. they started to smoke at an early age

　　F. but their level of anxiety increases when they quite smoking

　　答案與題解：

　　1. D第三的第一句話就說(shuō)香煙和精神疾病常常是聯(lián)系在一起的，下面陳述了一些事實(shí)，只是沒(méi)有講出兩者究竟哪個(gè)是因，哪個(gè)是果。

　　2.A這一段講到一般人總認(rèn)為病在吸煙前就得了，但最后一句以But開(kāi)始，表示了轉(zhuǎn)折,說(shuō)明了對(duì)這一通常觀點(diǎn)的懷疑。

　　3.F這一段主要紹了 Bre°SlaU所進(jìn)行的一個(gè)跟蹤調(diào)查，她是最先做這方面研究的人之一，她的研究結(jié)果證明了抽煙對(duì)精神健康確有影響，但這個(gè)結(jié)論只能說(shuō)是初步的。

　　4.E本段介紹了一個(gè)規(guī)模更大、由兒科醫(yī)生Goodman進(jìn)行的調(diào)查，這段的最后兩句話歸納了她的調(diào)查結(jié)果，這個(gè)結(jié)果支持Breslau先前的調(diào)查結(jié)果。

　　5.B句中的not only使我們期待后面應(yīng)該有類(lèi)似but also這樣表示進(jìn)一層意義的表達(dá)方式，在幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)中我們找到了一個(gè)包含but... as well的選項(xiàng)，從整句的意義上看也講得通。

　　6.A這個(gè)選項(xiàng)提供了一個(gè)完整的句子謂語(yǔ)，所以我們應(yīng)該找一個(gè)有主語(yǔ)但缺謂語(yǔ)的句子。第六題句子的主語(yǔ)是The cigarette ads,后面跟了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，但謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)，把A項(xiàng)填入，全句的意思是：那些說(shuō)香煙能平緩煩躁的廣告被證明有誤導(dǎo)作用。

　　7.D這個(gè)選項(xiàng)中有一個(gè)比較級(jí)的形式，在四個(gè)句子中只有這一句有比較，和Goodman的調(diào)查相比，Breslaii的調(diào)查對(duì)象人數(shù)少，但延續(xù)的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)。

　　8.F這句話來(lái)自文章的最后一段，許多癮君子都說(shuō)自己抽煙時(shí)不那么煩躁，不抽了反而感到煩躁，以說(shuō)明Breslmi的結(jié)論是站不住腳的。

　　譯文：吸煙會(huì)影響人的精神

　　肺癌、高血壓、心臟病、先天缺陷――我們對(duì)抽煙的危險(xiǎn)都太熟悉了。但是，在這個(gè)名單上再加上一條令人震驚的憂慮：精神疾病。根據(jù)一些有爭(zhēng)議的新發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果抽煙不會(huì)置你于死地，那么它很可能逼你絕望。

　　煙草工業(yè)公開(kāi)地把其產(chǎn)品作為提神和緩解焦慮的東西推銷(xiāo)。但是短暫的感覺(jué)良好的效果可能會(huì)掩蓋真相：抽煙可能促使焦慮、恐懼和沮喪，甚至精神分裂癥惡化，或者觸發(fā)這些精神疾病。

　　香煙和精神疾病一直都互相伴隨。據(jù)估計(jì)世界上有12. 5億人吸煙。而感到沮喪和憂慮的人比普通人抽煙的可能性多一倍，多達(dá)88%的有如精神分裂癥的精神紊亂的人都抽煙。美國(guó)一項(xiàng)最近的調(diào)查結(jié)論是，大約有一半的香煙是那些患有精神疾病的人消費(fèi)的。

　　但是最大的問(wèn)題是為什么會(huì)這樣?通常人們的說(shuō)法是先有疾病。有精神疾病的人開(kāi)始抽煙，或者抽得更多，來(lái)減輕他們的憂傷。即使病人是在得病之前就開(kāi)始抽煙的，但大多數(shù)醫(yī)生相信早期一些沒(méi)有覺(jué)察到的癥狀使病人產(chǎn)生了抽煙的欲望。但是也許一些更為危險(xiǎn)的事情正在發(fā)生。

　　越來(lái)越多的研究者聲稱抽煙是臨床沮喪和幾種形式的優(yōu)慮的原因而不是結(jié)果。底特律的亨利?伏特健康醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)的研究主任，Naomi Breslmi說(shuō)：“我們對(duì)于抽煙對(duì)身體健康的影響知道很多，現(xiàn)在我們又開(kāi)始看到新研究中抽煙對(duì)精神疾病的不利作用。”

　　Breslau是首個(gè)認(rèn)為這是異端可能性的人之一。這個(gè)線索來(lái)自發(fā)表于1998年的研究，這項(xiàng)研究對(duì)一組1 000多名年輕人作五年的跟蹤調(diào)查。其中13%的人從研究一開(kāi)始就有嚴(yán)重的情緒抑郁，在研究過(guò)程中他們由抽煙少的人變成抽煙多的人的可能比平常人多三倍。但是在研究前開(kāi)始的日常抽煙史使得五年內(nèi)嚴(yán)重的情緒抑郁的發(fā)生率增加了一倍?？雌饋?lái)抽煙可以發(fā)生在疾病之前。

　　開(kāi)始Breslau斷定促使人們抽煙的任何原因都可能使他們情緒抑郁。但是當(dāng)其他更大的研究結(jié) 果開(kāi)始支持統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)關(guān)聯(lián)時(shí)，她比以往更加確信，她看到的是抽煙，可能是尼古丁本身，能夠以某種方式影響大腦而導(dǎo)致憂郁的跡象。

　　這些更大的研究之一是由兒科醫(yī)師Goodman領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的。她用一年時(shí)間跟蹤調(diào)查了兩組青少年的健康情況。第一組的8 704名青少年都沒(méi)有情緒抑郁癥，他們可能是，也可能不是吸煙者;而另一個(gè)組的6 947人嚴(yán)重情緒抑郁，而且在最近的一個(gè)月沒(méi)有抽煙。一年后，她的團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然情緒抑郁的少年更有可能成為癮君子，但究其原因卻往往是以前有過(guò)嘗試抽煙這樣的經(jīng)歷，而不是情緒抑郁本身所致。更重要的是在研究中那些開(kāi)始精神健康，但是，每周至少抽一盒煙的青少年比其他不抽煙的同齡人患情緒抑郁癥的概率高4倍。Goodma說(shuō)在青少年中情緒抑郁看起來(lái)并不是出現(xiàn)在抽煙之前?！澳壳俺闊熓腔紘?yán)重的憂郁癥的重要決定因素?！?

　　Breslau也發(fā)現(xiàn)抽煙者比非抽煙者患間歇性恐懼的可能性高4倍，患長(zhǎng)期恐懼紊亂的可能性高 3倍。這個(gè)信息很難讓人理解，因?yàn)樵S多抽煙者說(shuō)他們?cè)诮錈煏r(shí)，而不是在抽煙時(shí)感到焦慮。但是Breslau說(shuō)這是一個(gè)短期戒煙效應(yīng)，它掩蓋了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，即總的來(lái)說(shuō)，抽煙者比非抽煙者或不再抽煙的人焦慮程度要高。

　　2014年職稱英語(yǔ)考前復(fù)習(xí)必讀攻略 2014年2月15日職稱英語(yǔ)直播視頻下載