2014職稱英語考試衛(wèi)生類沖刺練習之概括大意1

　　Aspirin ― a New Miracle Drug

　　1. Using aspirin, an over-the-counter pill on sale1 in every supermarket without a prescription, to treat serious circulatory disease may seem almost like quackery. But today doctors recognize this drug as a potent compound as important as antibiotics, digitalis and other miracle drugs.

　　2. In its natural form as willow bark and leaves, this remarkable remedy dates back to Hippocrates2. In 1829 the chemical in the willow tree that can relieve pain and reduce fever was discovered to be salicin. By 1899 the Bayer Company in Germany had marketed a variant, acetylsalicylic acid,3 under the name of aspirin.

　　3. Since then, aspirin and confounds containing aspirin have been taken by tens of millions of arthritis patients. As a pain killer aspirin is, according to one study, more effective than all other analgesics and narcotics available for oral use. It also acts on4 the body’s thermostat, turning down fever.

　　4. But some of its powers remained unsuspected until recently. In 1950 the late Dr. Craven wrote to a small western medical journal about 400 overweight, sedentary male patients to whom he had given one or two aspirin tablets a day. None had had a heart attack. He enlarged his group to 8,000 and in 1956 reported：”Not a single case of detectable coronary or cerebral thrombosis5 ” and “no major stroke” had occurred in patients who had taken one or two tablets daily for from one to ten years. But his observations were largely ignored.

　　5. Then Dr. Vane proved that aspirin turned off the body’s prostaglandins6 hormonelike chemicals that can be secreted by every cell. Some potent prostaglandins are harmful compounds that create fever, pain and arthritis. One of them stimulates platelets in the blood to begin forming clots inside arteries. Aspirin blocks this dangerous effect.

　　6. Vane’s finding caused some researchers to recall Craven’s 1956 observations, which now had a possible scientific explanation. Numerous studies were begun to find out whether aspirin could indeed inhibit heart attacks and stroke.

　　7. In 1972, ten US medical institutions began two “double-blind” trials7 of 303 patients who suffered from transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)8. Four aspirin tablets a day were given to 153 patients, while placebo tablets were given to 150. Neither patients nor doctors knew which was which. After six months, the patients on aspirin had experienced much fewer TIAs, and fewer strokes and deaths from strokes than the “controls”. The results were so conclusive that aspirin has been used for this purpose widely.

　　注釋：

　　1.an over-the-counter pill on sale：擺在柜臺上(不需處方)出售的藥丸

　　pill：藥丸，丸劑

　　on sale：(商店的貨物等供)出售的

　　2.this remarkable remedy dates back to Hippocrates：這種療效顯著的治療劑可以回溯到希波克拉底時代

　　date back to：追溯，回溯至

　　Hippocrates：希波克拉底(公元前460 ?公元前370)，希臘醫(yī)生，世稱“醫(yī)學之父”

　　3.acetylsalicylic acid：乙酰水楊酸

　　4.act on：對……起作用

　　5.coronary or cerebral thrombosis ：冠狀動脈血栓(形成)或者腦血栓(形成)

　　6.turn off the body’s prostaglandins：改變身體前列腺素的有害作用turn off：避開(問題等);使改變方向

　　7.“double-blind”trial：“雙盲”試驗(指在藥物臨床評價時不讓病人和醫(yī)務人員知道所試藥物究屬何種)

　　8.transient ischemic attack (TIA)：一次性缺血發(fā)作

　　練習：

　　1.Paragraph 2

　　2.Paragraph 3

　　3.Paragraph 5

　　4.Paragraph 7

　　A Confirmation of the New Effect

　　B Pain-relieving and Fever-reducing Effects of Aspirin

　　C The Ignored Significant Observations

　　D The Origin of Aspirin

　　E An Explanation of Craven’s Observations

　　F Further Findings of Dr. Vane

　　5.In the middle of the last century Craven made .

　　6.It is Bayer Company .

　　7.There is a prostaglandin .

　　8.Numerous studies concluded .

　　A that aspirin has a positive effect on heart attacks and strokes

　　B two “double-blind” trials of patients with heart disease

　　C that first produced aspirin for sale

　　D the unsuspected effect on pain and fever

　　E important observations on the effects of aspirin

　　F that may cause clots to be formed in the arteries

　　答案與題解：

　　1.D第二段敘述了從希波克拉底時代開始使用柳樹皮和柳樹葉來止痛、退燒到德國拜爾公司率先制造出阿司匹林出售的過程，故D應為正確答案。

　　2.B第三段只講阿司匹林的止痛和退燒兩種作用。

　　3.F第五段講道Dr. Vane的新發(fā)現(xiàn)，證明阿司匹林可以阻斷一種前列腺素引起動脈血管內(nèi)凝血的有害作用，故F為正確答案。

　　4.A第七段敘述了美國10個醫(yī)療機構所進行的“雙盲”試驗，結論證實了以前所提出的阿司匹林具有預防中風和血栓形成的作用，故A為正確答案。

　　5.E第四段敘述了Dr. Craven在20世紀50年代對阿司匹林能預防心血管疾病的重要觀察資料。

　　6.C第二段最后一句說的就是拜爾公司率先以阿司匹林的商品名出售乙酰水楊酸的。

　　7.F第五段最后兩句說的就是有一種前列腺素能刺激血小板形成動脈內(nèi)的血塊，而阿司匹林可以阻斷它的有害作用。

　　8.A此題答案的根據(jù)是第六段和第七段。第六段最后一句說開始了大量研究以證明阿司匹林是否能抑制心臟病發(fā)作和中風。第七段最后一句對此給出了肯定的結論，而且目前阿司匹林已被廣泛應用于這個目的。

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