職稱英語考試歷年真題原文：2012年閱讀理解(綜合A)

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　　第4部分：閱讀理解(第31-45題，每題3分，共45分)

　　下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容，為每題確定1個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。

　　第一篇DNA testing

　　DNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person. Since the early twentieth century scientists have known that all human characteristics are contained in a person's genes and are passed from parents to children. Genes work as a chemical instruction manual for each part and each function of the body. Their basic chemical element is called DNA, a copy of which can be found in every cell. The existence of genes and the chemical structure of DNA were understood by the mid-1900s, but scientists have only recently been able to identify a person from just a drop of blood or a single hair.One of the most important uses of DNA testing is in criminal investigation. The very first use of DNA testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain, when a man confessed to killing a young woman in the English countryside. Because police had found samples of the killer's DNA at the scene

　　of the crime, a biologist suggested that it might be possible to compare that DNA to some from the confessor's blood. To everyone's surprise, the tests showed that he was not the killer. Nor was he guilty of a similar murder that had happened some time earlier. At that point he admitted that be had confessed to the crimes out of fear and police pressure. The police then asked 5, 000 local men for samples of their blood, and DNA testing revealed that one of them was the real murderer, so the first man was set free.

　　In 1992, two law professors, Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck, decided to use DNA evidence to help set free such mistakenly convicted prisoners. With the help of their students, they created a not-for-profit organization called the Innocence Project. Most of their clients are poor men, many from racial and ethnic minorities. In fact, studies have shown that U. S. judges and juries are often influenced by racial and ethnic background, and that people from minority groups are more likely to be convicted.

　　Some of these men had been sentenced to death, a form of punishment used in thirty eight states out of fifty (as of 2006). For most of these prisoners, their only hope was another trial in which DNA testing could be used to prove their innocence.

　　Between 1992 and 2006, the Innocence Project helped free 100 men. Some of these prisoners had been in jail for ten, twenty years or more for crimes they did not commit. However, the goal of the Innocence Project is not simply to set free those who are wrongfully in jail. They also hope to bring about

　　real changes in the criminal justice system.

　　Illinois in the late 1990s, a group of journalism students at Northwestern University were able to bring about such a change in that state. They began investigating some Illinois prisoners who claimed to be innocent. Through DNA testing, the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were

　　not guilty of the crimes they had been accused of. Thirteen of these men were set free, and in 2000,Governor Ryan of Illinois decided to stop carrying out death sentences until further study could be made of the prisoners' cases. The use of DNA in criminal cases is still being debated around the world. Some fear that governments will one day keep records of everyone's DNA, which could put limits on the privacy and freedom of citizens. Other people mistrust the science of DNA testing and think that lawyers use it to get their clients free whether or not they are guilty. But for those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free men, DNA testing has meant nothing less than a return to life. And with the careful use of DNA testing, no innocent person should ever be convicted again.

　　31. What is the main idea of this passage?

　　A. DNA testing has changed the American legal system.

　　B. DNA testing has helped innocent men go free in Illinois.

　　C. DNA testing uses genetics to identify a person.

　　D. DNA testing has played a key role in criminal investigation.

　　32. DNA testing was first used in a criminal case by________.

　　A. a lawyer in New York

　　B. students in Illinois

　　C. doctors in the United States

　　D. police in Great Britain

　　33. The Innocence Project uses DNA testing to________.

　　A. set free innocent prisoner

　　B. help the police put people in prison

　　C. find out which lawyer are incompetent

　　D. prove that suspects are guilty

　　34. Some students in Northwestern University________.

　　A. proved some prisoners were not guilty

　　B. believed some suspects were from ethnic groups

　　C. told the governors of Illinois not to free the prisoners

　　D. showed DNA testing was not always reliable

　　35. What is the author's attitude toward DNA testing?

　　A.Negative.

　　B. Positive.

　　C. Suspicious.

　　D. Indifferent.

　　第二篇Going Her Own Way

　　When she was twelve, Maria made her first important decision about the course of her life. She decided that she wanted to continue her education. Most girls from middle-class families chose to stay home after primary school, though some attended private Catholic "'finishing" schools. There they learned a little about music, art, needlework, and how to make polite conversation. This was not the sort of education that interested Maria- or her mother. By this time, she had begun to take her studies more seriously. She read constantly and brought her books everywhere. One time she even brought her math book to the theater and tried to study in the dark.

　　Maria knew that she wanted to go on learning in a serious way. That meant attending the public high school, something that very few girls did. In Italy at the time, there were two types of high schools: the "classical" schools and the "technical" schools. In the classical schools, the students followed a very traditional program of studies, with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature,and Italian literature and history. The few girls who continued studying after primary school usually chose these schools.

　　Maria, however, wanted to attend a technical school. The technical schools were more modern than the classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages, mathematics, science, and accounting. Most people-including Maria's father-believed that girls would never be able to understand these subjects. Furthermore, they did not think it was proper for girls to study them.

　　Maria did not care if it was proper or not. Math and science were the subjects that interested her most. But before she could sign up for the technical school, she had to win her father's approval. She finally did, with her mother's help, though for many years after, there was tension in the family.Maria's father continued to oppose her plans, while her mother helped her.

　　In 1883, at age thirteen, Maria entered the "Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti" in Rome. Her experience at this school is difficult for us to imagine. Though the courses included modern subjects, the teaching methods were very traditional. Learning consisted of memorizing long lists of facts and repeating them back to the teacher. Students were not supposed to ask questions or think for themselves in any way. Teachers were very demanding, discipline in the classroom was strict, and punishment was severe for those who failed to achieve or were disobedient.

　　36. Maria wanted to attend a________.

　　A. private "finishing" school

　　B. school with Latin and Greek

　　C. technical high school

　　D. school for art and music

　　37. In those days, most Italian girls________.

　　A. went to classical schools

　　B. went to "finishing" schools

　　C. did not go to high school

　　D. went to technical schools

　　38. Maria's father probably________.

　　A. had very modern views about women

　　B. had very traditional views about women

　　C. had no opinion about women

　　D. thought women could not learn Latin

　　39. High school teachers in Italy in those days were________.

　　A. very modern

　　B. very intelligent

　　C. quite scientific

　　D. quite strict

　　40. We can infer from this passage that________.

　　A. girls usually attended private primary schools

　　B. only girls attended classical schools

　　C. girls did not like going to school

　　D. Maria was a girl of strong will

　　第三篇Gross National Happiness

　　In the last century, new technology improved the lives of many people in many countries. However, one country resisted these changes. High in the Himalayan mountains of Asia, the kingdom of Bhutan remained separate. Its people and Buddhist (佛教) culture had not been affected for almost a thousand years. Bhutan, however, was a poor country. People died at a young age. Most of its people could not read, and they did not know much about the outside world. Then, in 1972, a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to become modern, but without losing its traditions.

　　King Wangchuck looked at other countries for ideas. He saw that most countries measured their progress by their Gross National Product (GNP). The GNP measures products and money. When the number of products sold increases, people say the country is making progress. King Wangchuck had a different idea for Bhutan. He wanted to measure his country's progress by people's happiness. If the people's happiness increased, the king could say that Bhutan was making progress. To decide if people were happier, he created a measure called Gross National Happiness (GNH).

　　GNH is based on certain principles that create happiness. People are happier it" they have health care, education, and jobs. They are happier when they live in a healthy, protected environment. They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs. Finally, people are happier when they have a good, stable government.

　　Now this is some evidence of increased GNH in Bhutan. People are healthier and are living longer.

　　More people are educated and employed. Twenty-five percent of the land has become national parks, and the country has almost no pollution. The Bhutanese continue to wear their traditional clothing and follow their ancient Buddhist customs. Bhutan has also become a democracy. In 2008, King Wangchuck gave his power to his son. Although the country still had a king, it held its first democratic elections that year. Bhutan had political parties and political candidates for the first time. Finally, Bhutan has connected to the rest of the world through television and internet.

　　Bhutan is a symbol for social progress. Many countries are now interested in Bhutan's GNH.

　　These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness. They want to create new policies that take care of their people, cultures, and land.

　　Brazil may be the next country to use the principles of GNH. Brazilian leaders see the principles of GNH as a source of inspiration. Brazil is a large country with a diverse population. If happiness works as a measure of progress in Brazil, perhaps the rest of the world will follow.

　　41. Who was Jigme Singye Wangchuck?

　　A. A president.

　　B. A Buddhist priest.

　　C. A general.

　　D. A king.

　　42. Apart from modernizing Bhutan, what else did Wangchuck want to do for Bhutan?

　　A. To make its population grow.

　　B. To keep it separate from the world.

　　C. To encourage its people to get rich.

　　D. To keep its tradition and customs.

　　43. A country shows its progress with GNP by________.

　　A. selling more products

　　B. spending more money

　　C. spending less money

　　D. providing more jobs

　　44. According to GNH, people are happier if they________.

　　A. have new technology

　　B. can change their religion

　　C. have a good, stable government

　　D. have more money

　　45. Today, many countries are________.

　　A. using the principles of GNH to measure their progress

　　B. working together to develop a common scale to measure GNH

　　C. taking both Bhutan and Brazil as symbols for social progress

　　D. trying to find their own ways to measure happiness

　　第4部分：閱讀理解

　　第一篇

　　31.D【解析】題意：本文的大意是什么?

　　通讀全文，主要講述根據(jù)DNA在刑偵中舉足輕重。文章最后一段最后幾句為相應(yīng)的表述：But fo, those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free man，DNA testing has meant nothing less than a return to life.And with the careful use of DNA testing，no innocent person should ever be convicted again，故本題選D。

　　32.D【解析】題意：DNA測試是被誰首次用于刑事案件的?

　　根據(jù)文章第二段第二句The very first use of DNA testing in a criminal case was in l985 in Great Britain可知，第一次將DNA測試用于刑偵是在英國，故本題選D。

　　33.A【解析】題意：“清白項(xiàng)目”利用DNA測試做了什么?

　　根據(jù)文章第三段第一、二句In l992，two law professors，decided to use DNA evidence to help set free such mistakenly convicted prisoner…created a organization called the innocence project可知，兩位法學(xué)教授設(shè)立這一項(xiàng)目是為了幫助那么被錯判的犯人，還他們以清白，故本題選A。

　　34.A【解析】題意：西北大學(xué)的一些學(xué)生做了什么?

　　根據(jù)文章第五段第三句Through DNA testing，the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty of the crimes they had been accused of可知，學(xué)生們利用DNA測試證明了一些囚犯是無罪的，故本題選A。

　　35.B【解析】題意：作者對DNA測試的態(tài)度如何?

　　根據(jù)文章最后一句And with the careful use of DNA testing，no innocent person should ever be convicted again可知作者對DNA測試的態(tài)度是支持的，故本題選B。

　　第二篇

　　36.C【解析】題意：瑪麗亞想上……。

　　根據(jù)文章第三段第一句Maria，however，wanted to attend 3 technical school可知，瑪利亞希望上技術(shù)高中。故本題選C。

　　37.C【解析】題意：在當(dāng)時(shí)，很多意大利女孩……。

　　根據(jù)文章第一段第三句Most girls from middle―class families chose to stay home after primarv school，though some attended private Catholic“finishing”schools可知，很多意大利女孩初中畢業(yè)后不選擇上高中。故本題選C。

　　38.B【解析】題意：瑪麗亞的父親很可能……。

　　根據(jù)文章第三段倒數(shù)第二句Most people--including Maria’s father--believed that girls would never be able to understand these subjects和第四段最后一句Maria’S father continued to oppose her plans可知，瑪利亞的父親也和大多數(shù)人一樣，持傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)。故本題選B。

　　39.D【解析】題意：那時(shí)的意大利高中老師很……。

　　根據(jù)文章第五段最后一句Teachers were very demanding，discipline in the classroom was strict， and punishment was severe for those who failed to achieve or were disobedient可知，當(dāng)時(shí)的教師是非常嚴(yán)厲的。故本題選D。

　　40.D【解析】題意：我們可以從文中得出……的結(jié)論。

　　通篇可見，瑪利亞不顧世俗與家人的意見，堅(jiān)持做自己的選擇。因此可推斷瑪利亞是個(gè)有堅(jiān)強(qiáng)意志的女孩。故本題選D。

　　第三篇

　　41.D【解析】題意：Jigme Singye Wangehuck是誰?

　　根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句…a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to become modern可知，Wangehuek是一位新上任的國王。故選D。

　　42.D【解析】題意：除了使不丹現(xiàn)代化，Wangehuek還希望為不丹做什么?

　　根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句…King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to becomemodern，but without losing its traditions，說明Wangchuck不希望不丹丟掉其傳統(tǒng)，而第三段第三句 They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs也說明Wangchuck推行的GNH(國民幸?？傊?政策中，如果能保持傳統(tǒng)文化和風(fēng)俗則國民會更幸福。故選D。

　　43.A【解析】題意：一個(gè)國家進(jìn)步在GNP中體現(xiàn)為……。

　　根據(jù)文中第二段第三、四句The GNP measures produets and money.When the number of products sold increases，people say the country is making progress可知，GNP用商品和金錢來衡量，賣出的商品越多，國家似乎越進(jìn)步。故選A。

　　44.C【解析】題意：根據(jù)GNH，人民若……會更幸福。

　　文章第三段集中講述GNH，人們更幸福包括they have health care，education，and jobs;they live in a healthy，protected environment;they can keep their traditionaI culture and customs;they have a good，stable government。由此可知C項(xiàng)正確。

　　45.D【解析】題意：現(xiàn)在，很多國家……。

　　根據(jù)文章第五段第二、三句Many countries are now interested in Bhutan’S GNH.These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness可知，很多國家用自己的方式去衡量幸福。故選D。