職稱英語考試歷年真題原文：2011年閱讀理解(衛(wèi)生A)

　　下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題。請根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容,為每題確定1個最佳選項(xiàng)。

　　第一篇 Cell Phones: Hang Up or Keep Talking?

　　Millions of people are using cell phones today. In many places it is actually considered unusual not to use one. In many countries, cell phones are very popular with young people. They find that the phones are more than a means of communication-having a mobile phone shows that they are cool and connected.

　　The explosions around the world in mobile phone use make some health professional worried. Some doctors are concerned that in the future many people may suffer health problems from the use of mobile phones. In England, there has been a serious debate about this issue. Mobile phone companies are worried about the negative publicity of such ideas. They say that there is no proof that mobile phones are bad for your health.

　　On the other hand, why do some medical studies show changes in the brain cells of some people who use mobile phones? Signs of change in the issues of the brain and head can be detected with modern scanning (掃描) equipment. In one case, a traveling salesman had to retire at a young age because of serious memory loss. He couldn't remember even simple tasks. He would often forget the name of his own son. This man used to talk on his mobile phone for about six hours a day, every day of his working week, for a couple of years. His family doctor blamed his mobile phone use, but his employer's doctor didn't agree.

　　What is it that makes mobile phones potentially harmful? The answer is radiation. High-tech machines can detect very small amounts of radiation from mobile phones. Mobile phone companies agree that there is some radiation, but they say the amount is too small to worry about.

　　As the discussion about their safety continues, it appears that it's best to use mobile phones less often. Use your regular phone if you want to talk for a long time. Use your mobile phone only when you really need it. Mobile phones can be very useful and convenient, especially in emergencies. In the future, mobile phones may have a warning label that says they are bad for your health. So for now, it's wise not to use your mobile phone too often

　　31 People buy cell phones for the following reasons EXCEPT that

　　A they're popular

　　B they're useful

　　C they're convenient

　　D they're cheap

　　32 The world "detected" in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by

　　A cured

　　B removed

　　C discovered

　　D caused

　　33 The salesman retired young because

　　A he couldn't remember simple tasks

　　B he disliked using mobile phones

　　C he was tired of talking on his mobile phone

　　D his employer's doctor persuaded him to

　　34. On the safety issue of mobile phones, the manufacturing companies

　　A hold that the amount of radiation is too small to worry about

　　B deny the existence of mobile phone radiation

　　C develop new technology to reduce mobile phone radiation

　　D try to prove that mobile phones are not harmful to health

　　35 The writer's purpose of writing this article is to advise people

　　A to buy mobile phones

　　B to use mobile phones less often

　　C to update regular phones

　　D to stop using mobile phones

　　第二篇 Immune Functions

　　The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic regulatory communication network consulting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees flying around a hive(蜂巢). The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is prompt, appropriate, effective, and self-omitting.

　　At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and nonself. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign of nonself molecules, the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the intruders (入侵者). Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self-marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a nonself molecule, the system has the ability to "remember" the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies(抗體)passed during lactation(授乳期), this so called immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must "learn" from experience with the many millions of distinctive nonself molecules in the sea of microbes (微生物) in which we live, learning necessitates producing the appropriate molecules and cells to match up with and counteract each nonself invader.

　　Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response is called an antigen (抗原). Antigens are not to be confused with allergens (過敏原)，which are most often harmless substances that provoke the immune system to set off the inappropriate and harmful response known as allergy. An antigen can be a virus, a bacterium, or even a portion or product of one of these organisms. Tissues or cells from another individual (except an identical win, whose cells carry identical self makers act as antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary, nonantigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes (抗原表位), which protrude (突出) from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitomes on their surface, some may even carry several hundred. Some epitomes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situations does the immune system wrongly identify self as nonself and execute a misdirected immune attack.

　　36 What is used to describe the communication network consisting of cells in the immune system?

　　A The immune system's memory.

　　B Bees flying around a hive.

　　C Immune troops eliminating intruders.

　　D A sea of microbes.

　　37 The immune cells and other cells in the body coexist peaceably in a state known as

　　A balance.

　　B harmony.

　　C tolerance.

　　D self-tolerance.

　　38 How do the immune cells recognize an antigen as "foreign" or "nonself"?

　　A Through characteristic shapes on the antigen surface.

　　B Through an allergic response.

　　C Through blood type.

　　D Through fine hairs protruding from the antigen surface.

　　39 Which of the following statements is true?

　　A Allergens are usually harmful substances.

　　B Antigens can trigger an immune response.

　　C People with antigens do not suffer from obvious responses.

　　D There is no difference between an antigen and an allergen.

　　40 Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage?

　　A The basic function of the immune system is to distinguish between self and nonself.

　　B An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response.

　　C One of the immune system's primary functions is the allergic response.

　　D The human body is an appropriate habitat for microbes.

　　第三篇 Be Alert to Antimicrobial(抗微生物的)Resistance

　　The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics (抗生素) normally used for their treatment (multi-drug resistant bacteria), so pose particular difficulties, as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to limit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains (菌株) and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics, reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

　　An article published in 7"he Lancet Infectious Diseases on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost/all antibiotics. The article has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3 (antimicrobial resistance), and, in particular, has raised awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.

　　While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear, this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission, and to define the most effective measures for control.

　　Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers, managers of hospitals, patients, as well as national governments, the pharmaceutical (制藥的) industry, and international agencies.

　　WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use, including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics; introducing or enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription; and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures, including the use of hand-washing measures, particularly in healthcare facilities.

　　Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries, and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce- transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.

　　WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies, and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.

　　41 Antimicrobial residence has become a global public health issue because

　　A there may be few or no treatment to infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.

　　B new antibiotics are too expensive for poor countries.

　　C infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria have killed a lot of people.

　　D scientists know nothing about multi-drug resistant bacteria.

　　42 The word "prudent" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to

　　A unwise.

　　B wasteful.

　　C widespread.

　　D careful.

　　43 The article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases found that

　　A some bacteria have developed a new gene to resist almost all antibiotics.

　　B a new multi-drug resistant bacterium has appeared.

　　C some infections are caused by antibiotics.

　　D some countries are successful in controlling multi-drug resistant microorganisms.

　　44 WHO recommends governments to focus on the following areas EXCEPT

　　A keeping hospitals from storing more antibiotics than they can use.

　　B education on the use of antibiotics.

　　C control of antibiotic use.

　　D introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibiotics.

　　45 We learn from the passage that

　　A antimicrobial resistance was not noticed until 2010.

　　B further study is needed to deal with the transmission of multi-drug resistant bacteria.

　　C without WHO, no country will be safer in the war against antimicrobial resistance.

　　D WHO will focus its prevention and control efforts in poor countries.

　　第4 部分：閱讀理解

　　31 、C 本題的答題依據(jù)是文章開頭的這句話：Everyone has imagination, but most of us, once we become adults, forget how to access it. 人人都有想象力，只是成年后，我們就忘了如 何取得想象力 (access it)。文章的目的就是教給成年人幾種獲得想象力的技巧，所以說成年人還是可以學(xué)會怎么樣更加富有創(chuàng)意的。

　　32 、B 從第二段的這兩句話 First, think about the problem you have to solve or the job you need to do. Then find an image, word, idea or object, for example, a candle. 可以找到答案。蠟 燭只是一個例子。

　　33 、A 第三段的第一句話 Imagine that normal limitations don't exist. You have as much time/space/ money, etc. as you want. 是本題的答題依據(jù)。

　　34 、B put yourself in their shoes 是英語的一個成語，相當(dāng)于漢語的“設(shè)身處地”。

　　35 、C 第三種技巧就是Look at the situation from a different point of view. 作者舉了談判者和小說家為例。推銷員如要成用這一技巧就應(yīng)該把自己置于顧客的位置上，問一問他們的需要是什么。

　　36 、B 第一段第三句說到，“免疫系統(tǒng)的這些細(xì)胞來回傳遞信息就像蜂群圍繞峰巢飛跑一樣”。

　　37 、D 第二段中間說，“免疫細(xì)胞與身體其他細(xì)胞在自我耐受的狀態(tài)下和平共處”。

　　38 、A 第二段的中后部說到，“抗原以其自身從表面突出來的復(fù)雜而有特色的形狀表明自己是一種異體物”，免疫細(xì)胞自然很容易識別它們。

　　39 、B 第三段第一句說，“任何能夠激起免疫反應(yīng)的物質(zhì)就稱為抗原”。其他三個選項(xiàng)不是與短文所說不符就是短文沒有提到。

　　40 、A 文章的題目是“免疫功能”。第二段第一句可以概括短文的中心思想，選項(xiàng) A 正是該句的意思。

　　41 、A 從第一段的前半部我們就可以知道，全球之所以重視這個問題就是因?yàn)橛锌赡苊鎸?它束手無策――對它無藥可治。

　　42 、D prudent 意為“謹(jǐn)慎的”，careful 意為 “小心的”，“小心”與“謹(jǐn)慎”自然是同一概念。

　　43 、A 本題答案存在于第二段第一句，該句正是選項(xiàng) A 的內(nèi)容。

　　44 、A 選項(xiàng) B、C、D 的內(nèi)容在第五段中都提及，只有選項(xiàng) A 的內(nèi)容(“不許醫(yī)院儲存超過醫(yī)院使用量的抗生素”)文章中并未提到。

　　45 、B 通讀全篇短文以后我們知道，目前人類還沒有找到解決這個問題的辦法，所以還需繼續(xù)研究。其他三個選項(xiàng)短文均未提到。