中國(guó)父母因一胎政策被迫網(wǎng)上棄嬰

　　查看原文

　　Lu Libing knew he had only one choice as the birth of his third child approached. He couldn't afford hefty fines that would be meted out by Chinese authorities, so he put the unborn child up for adoption.

　　On the Internet he found "A Home Where Dreams Come True", a website touted as China's biggest online adoption forum, part of an industry that has been largely unregulated for years.

　　Expectant couples, unwilling or unable to keep their children, go to the website looking for adoptive parents rather than abort their babies or abandon them.

　　There are no clear statistics on how many people use these websites but "A Home Where Dreams Come True" said 37,841 babies had been adopted through its website from 2007 to August 2012.

　　More than 380 babies were rescued and 1,094 people arrested when the government cracked down on the industry last month. Adoption websites such as "A Home Where Dreams Come True", whose founder was arrested, were shut because they were deemed illegal and responsible for the trafficking of babies.

　　An official with China's state-run adoption agency, the China Centre for Children's Welfare and Adoption, said parents could apply to the civil affairs ministry to give up children.

　　The official, who declined to be identified, said it was "definitely wrong" to use websites.

　　"These are children, not commodities," the official said.

　　Baby trafficking has been a perennial problem in China and recent reports on online trafficking rings show how an underground industry has made use of the Internet to connect people quickly, making it easier to buy and sell babies. This has presented a new challenge for the government.

　　Demand for such websites has been fuelled by rural poverty, China's one-child policy, limiting most couples of only one child, and desperate, childless couples.

　　Lu, 30, who asked to use a pseudonym for fear of official retribution, lives on the outskirts of Ganzhou in southern Jiangxi province, a barren place scarred by water contamination and heavy metal pollution.

　　He and his wife, Mu, live from hand to mouth in a two-bedroom home in an unfinished block. Their two children, aged two-and-a-half and 10 months, live with Lu's parents in northern Shaanxi province.

　　"SEEKING HONEST FAMILIES"

　　He says he would have to pay family planning fines of about 50,000 yuan to 80,000 yuan ($8,000-$12,800) for the third child, more than 10 times his monthly income.

　　Mu is five months pregnant. Lu wrote on his first post on the website on February 24 that he could not raise the child and was "seeking honest families who are willing to adopt".

　　The post drew 40 responses. During his interview with Reuters he received a call from a prospective adoptive mother who was worried he may have been arrested after state media reported on the crackdown earlier that day.

　　Lu said there was no hope of sending the new child to school or paying the necessary fines to secure a "hukou", or household registration. Failure to pay would make his baby an undocumented "black child" with no access to schooling or healthcare.

　　Baby trafficking has been encouraged by the one-child policy and a traditional bias for sons, who support elderly parents and continue the family name, leading to the abandonment of girls. Even as China starts to relax the one-child policy, allowing millions of families to have a second child, it still penalizes people who flout the rules.

　　Traffickers have often resorted to kidnapping. In late February, state news agency Xinhua warned parents to guard against kidnappers who could pose as nurses in hospitals or lie in wait outside school gates.

　　The increasing use of websites is changing adoption from what was once a hush-hush process between friends to one where details can be shared anonymously with strangers over the Tencent QQ instant messaging service.

　　Many Chinese Internet users were outraged after media reports of the crackdown.

　　Much of the anger was directed at Zhou Daifu, the 27-year-old founder of "A Home Where Dreams Come True". Zhou denied being involved in baby trafficking but acknowledged that traffickers surfed his website.

　　"Whenever we find suspicious cases of human trafficking, we always tell the police," he told Reuters in December. "But it seems to me that they just don't care."

　　"GRATITUDE FEES"

　　Reuters spoke to three "agents" who used Zhou's website to sell children. One, a man who declined to be named and was brokering the adoption of three girls, said he gave several thousand yuan to the birth parents and charged the adoptive parents more than 10,000 yuan.

　　About 70 percent of the parents giving their babies away asked for 30,000 to 50,000 yuan, Zhou said.

　　It is unclear whether such parents could face criminal charges. China's Supreme People's Court said selling children for profit constituted trafficking, although accepting "fees for nutrition" and a "gratitude fee" were not illegal.

　　Yi Yi, a Beijing-based adoption lawyer, believes such websites should be regulated but not banned, saying they meet the needs of a growing population.

　　Some 10,000 children were abandoned in China every year, said Wang Zhenyao, president of the China Welfare Research Institute at Beijing Normal University. Media reports say many of these are girls and disabled children.

　　Of 280 posts on "A Home Where Dreams Come True" from July to September 2012, Reuters found that people were giving away 98 baby girls and 61 boys. The others did not indicate a gender.

　　Some of the parents using the website told Reuters their pregnancies were the result of extra-marital relationships, while others were in a similar position to Lu Libing and his wife.

　　Lu had initially short-listed three people to adopt his unborn child but said he was leaning towards a housewife in her late 30s. The woman offered to let the child meet his or her birth parents and siblings when the child turns 18, but Lu wasn't sure that was a good idea.

　　"The child will hate us," he said. "Just think, if he's in his teens and he suddenly finds out that his biological parents are not his current father and mother, how would he feel? I think it would be a huge blow."查看譯文

　　陸禮冰(音)知道，面臨即將出生的第三個(gè)孩子，他只有一種選擇。因?yàn)楦恫黄鹬袊?guó)政府要求的高額罰款，他決定把即將出生的孩子給別人收養(yǎng)。

　　他在網(wǎng)上發(fā)現(xiàn)了名為“圓夢(mèng)之家”的網(wǎng)站，它被吹捧為中國(guó)最大的網(wǎng)上收養(yǎng)平臺(tái)，屬于一個(gè)多年來(lái)基本不受監(jiān)管的行業(yè)。

　　準(zhǔn)父母?jìng)円驗(yàn)椴幌牖驘o(wú)法撫養(yǎng)孩子，就會(huì)在這個(gè)網(wǎng)站尋找孩子的養(yǎng)父母，而非選擇墮胎或者拋棄孩子。

　　沒(méi)有明確的數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)使用這類網(wǎng)站的人數(shù)。但是，“圓夢(mèng)之家”網(wǎng)站稱，從2007年到2012年的八月，有37,841個(gè)嬰兒通過(guò)該網(wǎng)站得到收養(yǎng)。

　　上個(gè)月，政府打壓該行業(yè)，逮捕了1094個(gè)人，并救出380多個(gè)嬰兒。包括“圓夢(mèng)之家”在內(nèi)的眾多收養(yǎng)網(wǎng)站的創(chuàng)始人遭到逮捕，網(wǎng)站也被關(guān)停，因?yàn)樗麄兩嫦臃欠ㄘ溬u嬰兒，對(duì)此負(fù)有責(zé)任。

　　中國(guó)兒童福利和收養(yǎng)中心是中國(guó)官方收養(yǎng)機(jī)構(gòu)，一位該機(jī)構(gòu)的官員稱：“父母可以向民政部門申請(qǐng)放棄撫養(yǎng)孩子”。

　　這位不愿透露姓名的官員稱，使用這些網(wǎng)站是“絕對(duì)錯(cuò)誤”的。

　　他說(shuō)：“他們是孩子，并不是商品”。

　　在中國(guó)，拐賣兒童一直是個(gè)長(zhǎng)期存在的問(wèn)題。而且最近關(guān)于販賣團(tuán)伙的報(bào)道揭示了地下行業(yè)是如何使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)快速聯(lián)系買賣雙方，從而更容易買賣嬰兒。對(duì)政府來(lái)說(shuō)，這是一項(xiàng)新的挑戰(zhàn)。

　　對(duì)此類網(wǎng)站需求起推動(dòng)作用的是以下原因：農(nóng)村的貧困情況、中國(guó)的計(jì)劃生育政策、限制大多數(shù)夫妻只能有一個(gè)孩子以及那些絕望的無(wú)子女夫妻。

　　30歲的陸先生住在江西省南部的贛州郊區(qū)，水污染和重金屬污染給這個(gè)貧瘠的地方帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)重的影響。為了避免政府的懲罰，他要求使用化名。

　　他和妻子穆女士住在一間未供完按揭的兩室房屋，收入勉強(qiáng)糊口。他們有兩個(gè)孩子，一個(gè)兩歲半，一個(gè)只有十個(gè)月大，都跟著爺爺奶奶住在陜北。

　　“尋找可靠的家庭”

　　陸說(shuō)，因?yàn)榈谌齻€(gè)孩子，他不得不支付計(jì)劃生育的罰款，數(shù)額高達(dá)5萬(wàn)到8萬(wàn)元不等(8千―1.28萬(wàn)美元)，這些錢比他月收入的十倍還多。

　　穆太太已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月的身孕了。2月24號(hào)，陸在網(wǎng)站上發(fā)了第一個(gè)帖子，說(shuō)他無(wú)力撫養(yǎng)孩子，并且在尋找那些“愿意收養(yǎng)孩子的可靠家庭”。

　　該帖子得到了40個(gè)回復(fù)。當(dāng)天早上，在官方媒體報(bào)道了政府對(duì)此行業(yè)打壓之后，陸接到孩子未來(lái)養(yǎng)母的電話，她擔(dān)心陸可能已經(jīng)被捕了。那時(shí)陸正接受路透社記者的采訪。

　　陸說(shuō)，送第三個(gè)孩子上學(xué)，或?yàn)榱私o孩子上戶口而支付必要的罰款都是不可能的事。付不起罰款，他的孩子就成了非法的“黑戶”，不能享有教育和醫(yī)療服務(wù)。

　　由于計(jì)劃生育政策和傳統(tǒng)的重男輕女觀念助長(zhǎng)了販賣嬰兒的風(fēng)氣。因?yàn)閮鹤涌梢該狃B(yǎng)年邁的父母并延續(xù)家族的姓氏，所以女兒往往遭到人們的拋棄。即使中國(guó)開(kāi)始放松單獨(dú)一胎的政策，允許成千上萬(wàn)的家庭生第二胎，但它依然懲罰那些違反規(guī)定的人。

　　人販子常常采取誘拐兒童的手段。二月下旬，新華社提醒父母防范誘拐者，這些人可能裝作醫(yī)院的護(hù)士，或者在校門外埋伏以待。

　　越來(lái)越多的人使用收養(yǎng)網(wǎng)站，這讓收養(yǎng)過(guò)程從原本的朋友間秘密進(jìn)行變成了通過(guò)騰訊即時(shí)聊天工具匿名與陌生人談?wù)摷?xì)節(jié)。

　　在媒體報(bào)道打壓事件之后，許多中國(guó)網(wǎng)民義憤填膺。

　　大部分人把憤怒的矛頭都指向了27歲的“圓夢(mèng)之家”創(chuàng)始人周代富。雖然周否認(rèn)參與販賣兒童，但是他承認(rèn)人販子曾瀏覽過(guò)其網(wǎng)站。

　　他于去年12月份對(duì)路透社說(shuō)道：“我們一發(fā)現(xiàn)有可疑的人口販賣情況都會(huì)報(bào)警，但是在我看來(lái)，他們根本就不怕。”

　　“感恩費(fèi)”

　　路透社與三個(gè)使用過(guò)周的網(wǎng)站賣出孩子的“中介”進(jìn)行對(duì)話。其中一名男子拒絕透露真實(shí)姓名，他促成了三個(gè)女孩的收養(yǎng)。他表示，自己給了孩子的親生父母幾千塊錢，然后向養(yǎng)父母索取一萬(wàn)多元。

　　周說(shuō)，大約有70%的棄養(yǎng)父母要求獲取3萬(wàn)到5萬(wàn)元的補(bǔ)償。

　　目前還不清楚這些父母是否會(huì)面臨刑事起訴。中國(guó)最高人民法院稱，為了盈利而售賣孩子是非法交易，但是接受‘營(yíng)養(yǎng)費(fèi)’和‘感恩費(fèi)’并不違法。

　　北京的一名收養(yǎng)法律師易毅(音譯)認(rèn)為這類網(wǎng)站應(yīng)該進(jìn)行監(jiān)管而不是遭到禁止，因?yàn)樗鼈儩M足了不斷增長(zhǎng)的人口需要。

　　北京師范大學(xué)中國(guó)公益研究院院長(zhǎng)王振耀稱，在中國(guó)，每年大約有一萬(wàn)個(gè)孩子遭到遺棄。媒體報(bào)道稱，當(dāng)中許多都是女孩和殘疾兒童。

　　在“圓夢(mèng)之家”2012年7月到9月的280個(gè)帖子中，路透社發(fā)現(xiàn)，98個(gè)女?huà)牒?1個(gè)男嬰遭到拋棄，其他的并沒(méi)有指明性別。

　　一些使用該網(wǎng)站的父母對(duì)路透社說(shuō)道，他們因?yàn)榛橥鈶賹?dǎo)致懷孕。而其他父母的處境則與陸禮冰及其妻子相類似。

　　陸最初有三個(gè)收養(yǎng)人選，但是他更傾向于其中一個(gè)將近40歲的家庭主婦。她主動(dòng)提出當(dāng)孩子滿18周歲時(shí)就讓他和親生父母見(jiàn)面，但是陸并不確定這是不是個(gè)好主意。

　　他說(shuō)：“孩子會(huì)恨我們的，試想看看，如果孩子在十幾歲的時(shí)候突然發(fā)現(xiàn)自己不是父母親生的，他會(huì)有什么樣的感受?我想這可能會(huì)是個(gè)巨大的打擊?！?/P>