2015年職稱英語真題之衛(wèi)生類B級試題練習(xí)

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　　第四部分：閱讀理解。

　　New US Plan for Disease Prevention

　　Urging Americans to take responsibility for their health, Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson on Tuesday launched a $15 million program to try to encourage communities to do more to prevent chronic diseases like heart disease, cancer and diabetes.(環(huán)球網(wǎng)校2015年職稱英語真題之衛(wèi)生類B級試題練習(xí))

　　The initiative highlights the cost of chronic diseases — the leading causes of death in the United States — and outlines ways that people can prevent them, including better diet and increased exercise.

　　“In the United States today, 7 of 10 deaths and the vast majority of serious illness, disability and health care costs are caused by chronic diseases.” the Health and Human Services Department said in a statement.

　　The causes are often behavioral — smoking, poor eating habits and a lack of exercise.

　　“I am convinced that preventing disease by promoting better health is a smart policy choice for our future.” Thompson told a conference held to launch the initiative.

　　“Our current health care system is not structured to deal with the escalating costs of treating diseases that are largely preventable through changes in our lifestyle choices.”

　　Thompson said heart disease and strokes will cost the country more than $351 billion in 2003. “These leading causes of death for men and women are largely preventable, yet we as a nation are not taking the steps necessary for us to lead healthier, longer lives.” he said.

　　The $15 million is slated to go to communities to promote prevention, pushing for changes as simple as building sidewalks to encourage people to walk more.

　　Daily exercise such as walking can prevent and even reverse heart disease and diabetes, and prevent cancer and strokes.

　　The money will also go to community organizations, clinics and nutritionists who/are being encouraged to work together to educate people at risk of diabetes about what they can do to prevent it and encourage more cancer screening.

　　The American Cancer Society estimates that half of all cancers can be caught by screening, including Pap tests for cervical cancer, mammograms for breast cancer, colonoscopies, and prostate checks.

　　If such cancers were all caught by early screening, the group estimates that the survival rate for cancer would rise to 95 percent.(環(huán)球網(wǎng)校2015年職稱英語真題之衛(wèi)生類B級試題練習(xí))

　　Dangers Await Babies with Altitude

　　Women who live in the world’s highest communities tend to give birth to under—weight babies，a new study suggests.These babies may grow into adults with a high risk of heart disease and strokes.

　　Research has hinted that newborns in mountain communities are lighter than average.But it wasn’t clear whether this is due to reduced oxygen levels at high altitude or because their mothers are under-nourished-many people who live at high altitudes are relatively poor compared with those living lower down.

　　To find out more，Dino Giussani and his team at Cambridge University studied the records of400 births in Bolivia during 1997 and 1998.The babies were born in both rich and poor areas of two cities：La Paz and Santa Cruz.La Paz is the highest city in the world，at 3.65 kilometers above sea level，while Santa Cruz is much lower，at 0.44 kilometers.

　　Sure enough，Giussani found that the average birthweight of babies in La Paz was Significantly lower than in Santa Cruz.This was true in both high and low—income families.Even babies born to poor families in Santa Cruz were heavier on average than babies born to wealthy families in lofty La Paz.“We were very surprised by this result,” says Giussani.

　　The results suggest that babies born at high altitude are deprived of oxygen before birth.“This may trigger the release or suppression of hormones that regulate growth of the unborn child,” says Giussani.

　　His team also found that high—altitude babies tended to have relatively larger heads compared with their bodies.This is probably because a fetus starved of oxygen will send oxygenated blood to the brain in preference to the rest of t11e body.(環(huán)球網(wǎng)校2015年職稱英語真題之衛(wèi)生類B級試題練習(xí))

　　Giussani wants to find out if such babies have a higher risk of disease in later life.People born in La Paz might be prone to heart trouble in adulthood.for example.Low birthweight is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.And newborns with a high ratio of head size to body weight are often predisposed to high blood pressure and strokes in later life.

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　　第五部分：補全短文

　　Lung Cancer

　　The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years. It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in ruraldistricts. There are many possible causes, but it is still controversial whichare most blameworthy. Those factors which have been mentioned most frequentlyare the presence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air (smokeparticles, smog, exhaust fumes), and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars.

　　Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation betweenthe death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits. Among heavy smokers — 21 to 30 cigarettes per day — the mortality rate from lungcancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers. It is expected the deathrate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among womenhas its effect.

　　Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an x-rayis taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis. Too often, however, acurrent emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation1 fromX-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays and thusprevent an early diagnosis of lung cancer. Early detection is absolutelyessential if any possibility of cure is to be maintained2. ModernX-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger, at least to thoseover 40 years of age, that this would be much more than offset by theadvantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completelyremoved.3

　　A common form of lung cancer is bronchogenic carcinoma 4，so-called because the malignancyoriginates in 5 a bronchus. The tumor may grow until the bronchus isblocked, cutting off6 the supply of air to that lung. The lung thencollapses, and the secretions trapped in the lung spaces become infected, witha resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess. Such a lung cancercan also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes7 ofthe chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body. Theonly treatment that offers a possibility of cure, before secondary growths havehad time to form, is to remove the lung completely. This operation is calledpneumonectomy.

　　Malignant tumors of the stomach, the breast, the prostate gland8and other organs may spread to the lungs, causing secondary growths.

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　　第六部分：完形填空

　　Eating Potatoes Gives Your Immune System a Boost

　　Eating potatoes is not only good for bowel health, but also for the whole immune system, especially when they come in the form of a potato salad or eaten cold. In a study on an animal model, researchers in Spain found that pigs fed large quantities of raw potato starch (RPS)1 not only had a healthier bowel, but also decreased levels of white blood cells, such as leucocytes and lymphocytes in their blood. White blood cells are produced as a result of inflammation or disease, generally when the body is challenged.

　　The general down-regulation of leucocytes observed by the Spanish researchers suggests an overall beneficial effect, a generally more healthy body.2 The reduction in leukocyte levels was about 15 percent. Lower lymphocyte levels are also indicative of reduced levels of inflammation, but the observed reduction in both lymphocyte density and lymphocyte apoptosis is surprising.

　　In what was the longest study of its kind, pigs were fed RPS over 14 weeks to find out the effect of starch on bowel health. “The use of raw potato starch in this experiment is designed to simulate the effects of a diet high in resistant starch," said study leader Jose Francisco Perez at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona3, Spain.

　　Humans do not eat raw potatoes, but they do eat a lot of foods that contain resistant starch, such as cold boiled potatoes, legumes, grains, green bananas, pasta and cereals. About 10 percent of the starch eaten by human is resistant starch - starch that is not digested in the small intestine and so is shunted into the large intestine where it ferments. Starch consumption is thought to reduce the risk of large bowel cancer and may also have an effect on irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)4.

　　Immunology expert Lena Oman’s team previously found that the overall lymphocyte levels do not vary for IBS patients, but that lymphocytes are transferred from the peripheral blood to the gut, which support the hypothesis of IBS being at least partially all inflammatory disorder. She says the decrease in lymphocytes observed by the Spanish is therefore interesting, and a diet of resistant starch may be worth trying in IBS patients. Oman is currently at the Department of Internal Medicine, Goteborg University, Sweden5. The study is published in the Journal Chemistry and Industry, the magazine of the SCI6.