2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總

　　環(huán)球網(wǎng)校友情提示：2017年職稱英語考試報(bào)名尚未開始，本文整理“2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總”,供考生參考練習(xí)。如果您在此過程中遇到任何疑問，請登錄環(huán)球網(wǎng)校職稱英語頻道及職稱英語論壇，我們隨時(shí)與廣大考生朋友們一起交流!

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　　為了活著吃飯

　　節(jié)食可能使你健康長壽，但并不好玩――節(jié)食可能不是非做不可的事。即使上了年紀(jì)再節(jié)食，我們?nèi)匀挥锌赡茉诤艽蟪潭壬媳３智啻夯盍Α?/p>

　　StephenSpindler和他在Riverside的加利福尼亞大學(xué)的同事們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，一只高齡老鼠只要連續(xù)四周限制它進(jìn)食，它的某些肝臟基因就會變得和衰老前一樣充滿活力，老鼠的肝基因恢復(fù)活力不會逆轉(zhuǎn)老鼠在其他方面的老化，但卻有助于肝臟代謝藥物或除去毒素。

　　Spindler的團(tuán)隊(duì)正常飼養(yǎng)三只老鼠直到它們死，而另外三只老鼠只喂正常飼料定量的一半。另外三只老鼠在34個(gè)月大的時(shí)候――相當(dāng)于人的70歲，從正常飼養(yǎng)轉(zhuǎn)到半量飼養(yǎng)一個(gè)月。

　　研究者檢查了這些老鼠肝臟的11000個(gè)基因的活動，發(fā)現(xiàn)正常飼養(yǎng)的老鼠隨著年齡的增長有46條肝臟基因發(fā)生變化。這種變化與炎癥和身體組織無限激增相關(guān)――這大概對老鼠的健康來說是個(gè)壞消息。在那些終生節(jié)食的老鼠中，這46條肝臟基因中的27條繼續(xù)像年輕的基因一樣活動，但最驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)是那些上了年紀(jì)才開始節(jié)食的老鼠也能從70%的基因變化中受益。(環(huán)球網(wǎng)校2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總)

　　華盛頓附近的國家老年協(xié)會的HuberWarner說：“這是這些影響迅速起作用的第一個(gè)跡象。”

　　還沒有知道熱量限制是否在人身上和在老鼠身上一樣起作用，但是Spindler懷有希望。他說：“有吸引人的證據(jù)表明它能起作用。”

　　如果它確實(shí)能在人身上起作用，那就有足夠的理由使肝臟煥發(fā)青春秋戰(zhàn)國。當(dāng)我們變老時(shí)，我們的身體對藥物的新陳代謝就不那么高效。Spindler說短期的節(jié)食足以使藥物充分發(fā)揮藥效。

　　但是Spindler不能肯定節(jié)食是否值得。他說：“老鼠們病少了，活的更長，但是它們感到饑餓。即便明白節(jié)食的作用，仍舊很難在飯館里說我只吃一半。”

　　Spindler希望在不久的將來，我們不必節(jié)食，他的公司，加利福尼亞壽命遺傳學(xué)，正在尋找有熱量控制作用的藥物。

　　Eat to Live

　　A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it’s not much fun―and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don’t start to diet until old age.

　　Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse’s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won’t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.

　　Spindler’s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed for a month when they were 34 months old―equivalent to about 70 human years.

　　The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production―probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes.

　　“This is the first indication that thee effects kick in pretty quickly,” says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington, D. C.

　　No one yet knows if calorie works in people as it does in mice, bus Spindler is hopeful. “There’s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,” he says.

　　If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, out bodies are les efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.

　　But Spindler isn’t sure the trade-off is worth it. “The mice get less disease, they live longer but they’re hungry,” he says. “Even seeing what a diet does, it’s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: ‘I can only eat half of that’.”

　　Spindler hopes we soon won’t need to diet at all. His company, Life Span Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.

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　　美國疾病防治策

　　周二，健康及人道服務(wù)部秘書托米湯姆森發(fā)起了一項(xiàng)耗資1500萬美元的計(jì)劃，大力推進(jìn)社區(qū)在預(yù)防諸如心臟病，癌癥及糖尿病上發(fā)揮更大能量，以鼓勵(lì)美國人承擔(dān)起確保自己健康的責(zé)任。(環(huán)球網(wǎng)校2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總)

　　這一行動強(qiáng)調(diào)了慢性病――造成美國國人死亡的主要原因所引起的損失，概括了國人預(yù)防疾病的途徑，包括改善飲食和增加鍛煉。

　　健康和人道服務(wù)部在報(bào)告中指出，“今天，在美國70%的死亡是由慢性病引起的，絕大多數(shù)醫(yī)療費(fèi)用也花在慢性病的治療上。”

　　原因往往是行為上的――吸煙、不良的飲食習(xí)慣以及缺乏鍛煉。

　　“我確信通過增進(jìn)健康來預(yù)防疾病是一項(xiàng)利在將來的精明之舉。”湯姆森在發(fā)起該倡議的會議上說。

　　“我們當(dāng)前的健康醫(yī)療體系不是為應(yīng)付治療那些基本上可以通過改變生活方式來預(yù)防的疾病的費(fèi)用不斷上升來設(shè)立的。”

　　湯姆森說道，全國心臟病和中風(fēng)在2003年將要耗資3510億美元。

　　“男性和女性死亡的主要原因都基本上可以預(yù)防，但作為一個(gè)國家，我們卻尚未采取必要措施使人們生活的更為健康長壽，”他說道。

　　調(diào)撥1500萬美元給社區(qū)來推動預(yù)防工作，促使變化，細(xì)微到修建人行道，鼓勵(lì)人們多多步行。

　　每天鍛煉，比如走步，能夠預(yù)防以及治療心臟病及糖尿病，且能預(yù)防癌癥和中風(fēng)。

　　這批撥款也將撥給社區(qū)組織、診所及營養(yǎng)師，鼓勵(lì)他們合作，教育有患糖尿病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的人們?nèi)绾稳ヮA(yù)防，鼓勵(lì)人們多做早期癌癥檢查。

　　美國癌癥學(xué)會估計(jì)，所有類型癌癥的一半可用早期癌癥檢查測出，包括針對宮頸癌的巴氏實(shí)驗(yàn)、針對乳腺癌的乳房X線照片、結(jié)腸鏡檢查以及前列腺檢查。

　　如果這些所有癌癥都能夠早期檢查測出，該組織估計(jì)癌癥存活率將上升到95%。

　　New US Plan for Disease prevention

　　Urging Amaricans to take responsibility for their health,Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy thompson Tuesday launched a $15million program to try to encourage communities to do more to prevent chronic diseaseslike heart diseases,cancer and diabetes.

　　The initiative highlights the cost of chronic diseases――the leading causes of death in the United States――and outlines ways that people can prevent them,including better diet and increased exercise.

　　“In the United States today,7of 10 deaths and the vast majority of serious illness,disability and health care costs are caused by chronic diseases,”the Health and Human Services Department said in a statement.

　　The causes are often behavioral_smoking,poor eating habits and a lack of exercise.

　　“I am convinced that previenting disease bu promoting better health is a smart policy choice for our future,”Thompson told a conference held to launch the initiative.

　　“Our current health care system is not structured to deal with the escalating costs of treating diseases that are largely preventable through changes in our lifestyle choices.”

　　Thompson said heart disease and strokes will cost the country more than $351billion in 2003.

　　“These leading causes of death for men and women are largely preventable,yet we as a nation are not taking the steps necessary for us to lead healthier ,longer lives,”he said.

　　The $15 million is stated to go to communities to promote prevention,pushing for changes as simple as building sidewalks to encourage people to walk more.

　　Dily exercise such as walking can prevent and even reverse heart disease and diabetes,and prevent cancer and strokes.

　　The money will also go to community organizations,clinics and nutritionists who are being encouraged to work together to educate people at risk of diabetes about what they can do to prevent it and encourage more cancer screening.

　　The Amirican Cancer Sociey estimates that half of all cancers can be caught by screening,including Pap tests for cervical cancer,mammogams for breast cancer,colonoscopies ,and prostate checks.

　　If such cancers were all caught by early screening,the group estimates that the survival rate for cancer would rise to 95 percent.(環(huán)球網(wǎng)校2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總)

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　　國際航空公司的經(jīng)營

　　國際航空公司重新發(fā)現(xiàn)，商業(yè)游客經(jīng)常定期乘坐國際航班，這甚至成為他們工作的一部分。這并不一定意味著國際航空曾經(jīng)忽視了商業(yè)乘客。相反，漢莎航空公司和瑞士航空公司聲稱他們總是盡量滿足商業(yè)人士階層的乘客。但是許多航空公司被指責(zé)說過去太注重由運(yùn)載量吸引乘客，造成老顧客的流失。公司經(jīng)常為了數(shù)量而非質(zhì)量進(jìn)行調(diào)整。

　　主要航線的經(jīng)營本質(zhì)上是要為乘客找到合適的安排。航空公司可以讓低價(jià)位機(jī)票乘客乘坐寬機(jī)身飛機(jī)的尾部，不能忘記前端需要讓機(jī)票價(jià)位較高者乘坐。

　　兩家主要的廉價(jià)航空公司的倒閉并不是巧合。但是低票價(jià)需要總是滿機(jī)以使班機(jī)在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面可以生存，在最近的蕭條期運(yùn)載量并沒有增長。容量過剩和殘酷的競爭引起票價(jià)下降，迫使一些航空公司到閉，把許多別的公司推到倒閉的邊緣。

　　在這種嚴(yán)峻的背景下，航空公司不斷轉(zhuǎn)向商業(yè)游客以提高利潤就不足為奇了。他們付出了大量的時(shí)間和精力去滿足他們多座位的要求，并將他們與普通游客相區(qū)分。

　　在優(yōu)先取舍的列表上還有準(zhǔn)時(shí)性，經(jīng)理們的時(shí)間是寶貴的。客機(jī)服務(wù)是航班為了爭取商業(yè)人士注意力的有一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。免費(fèi)的飲品，耳機(jī)和可口的食物都是很有誘惑力的因素。(環(huán)球網(wǎng)校2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總)

　　另外一個(gè)發(fā)展是強(qiáng)調(diào)座位的安排。老乘客對座位的傾斜度很精通---因?yàn)檫@會影響前后座之間的間隙。一等艙提供傾斜式，這樣在長時(shí)間的旅程中，乘客能得到一個(gè)良好睡眠。實(shí)踐證明，臥椅很受乘客們的喜愛，它將會在所有飛機(jī)的前端被普遍應(yīng)用。

　　航空公司還試圖改善地面服務(wù)。執(zhí)行休息室增加了，這樣乘客們等待航班的時(shí)間可以變得更好過一些。行李處理服務(wù)業(yè)改善了。不過遺憾的是，在加快繁瑣的入境通關(guān)手續(xù)方面，航空公司能做的很有限。各大洲各階層的乘客們只有繼續(xù)厭煩沮喪的份了。

　　盡管航空公司的目的是從它們的競爭對手中吸引商業(yè)乘客，航空公司將盡力改變這類乘客的壞習(xí)慣――預(yù)定昂貴的機(jī)票卻沒有乘坐。這種現(xiàn)象在歐洲尤為廣泛，商業(yè)人士經(jīng)常在不同的航班預(yù)定返程機(jī)票。

　　The Operation of International Airlines

　　International airlines have rediscoved the business traveler, the man or women who regularly jets from country to country as part of the job. This does not necessarily mean that airlines ever abandoned their business travelers. Instead, companies like Lufthansa and Swissair would right argue that they have always catered best for the executive class passengers. But many airlines could be accused of concentrating too heavily in the recent past on attracting passengers by volume, often at the expense of the regular traveler. Too often, they have seemed geared for quantity rather than quality.

　　Operating a major airline is essentially a matter of finding the right mix of passengers. The airlines need to fill up the back end of their wide-bodied jets with low fare passengers, without forgetting that the front end should be filled with people who pay substantially more for their tickets.

　　It is no coincidence that the two major airline bankruptcies were among the companies specializing in cheap flights. But low fares require consistently full aircraft to make flights economically viable, and in the recent recession the volume of traffic has not grown. Equally the large number of airlines jostling for the available passengers has created a huge excess of been to push some airlines into collapse and leave many others hovering on the brink.

　　Against this grim background, it is no surprise that airlines are turning increasingly towards the business travelers to improve their rates of return. They have invested much time and effort to establish exactly what the executive demands for sitting apart from the tourists.

　　High on the list of priorities is punctuality; an executive’s time is money. In-flight service is another area where the airlines are jostling for the executive’s attention. The free drinks and headsets and better food are all part of the lure.

　　Another development has been the accent of seating arrangements. Regular travelers have become well versed in the debate about seat pitch- the amount of room between each passenger. And first-class passengers are now offered sleeperette seats, which, for long journeys, make it possible to snatch a proper night’s sleep. Sleeperettes have proved so popular that they will soon become universal in the front end of most aircraft.

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　　桑拿浴

　　儀式性的沐浴已經(jīng)有幾千年的歷史，并且有多種形式，其中的一種就是桑拿浴。芬蘭人完善了蒸汽浴。它可以在一個(gè)封閉的房間里將水澆在滾燙的石頭上，或是一種干的蒸汽浴這一形式。用熱蒸汽干蒸的方式在古羅馬很受歡迎，而哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸前的美洲人則使用充滿蒸汽的小屋。

　　最早的桑拿浴很有可能是在地下山洞里。由于當(dāng)時(shí)還沒有掌握煙囪技術(shù)，山洞里總是充滿著火焰引起的濃煙。人們在火槽里生火，加熱山洞的四壁。當(dāng)墻壁達(dá)到一定的溫度時(shí)，將濃煙排出洞外，這使得墻壁還能保持幾個(gè)小時(shí)的高溫。今天，有一些人認(rèn)為有煙的桑拿浴，“煙熏桑拿”，才是真正的桑拿體驗(yàn)，而所有的桑拿浴都應(yīng)該至少有煙熏或煙味兒的背景?，F(xiàn)在，盡管煤油爐和燒木頭的火爐仍然可以使用，大多數(shù)的桑拿浴都是用電爐。

　　桑拿浴能使人放松并消除壓力。肌肉疼痛或關(guān)節(jié)炎都可以利用桑拿浴的熱氣減輕疼痛和炎癥。熱氣還可以拓展哮喘患者的肺部通道，使呼吸更加順暢。桑那浴并不能治愈普通的感冒，但它可以減輕患者的胸悶感，加快康復(fù)的速度。在蒸桑拿時(shí)，人體溫度通常會上升1~2度，就像發(fā)低燒一樣的感覺。因此，蒸桑拿可以說是印證了一句老話：“傷風(fēng)時(shí)宜吃，發(fā)熱時(shí)宜熱。”定期蒸桑拿可以預(yù)防感冒的發(fā)生。(環(huán)球網(wǎng)校2017年職稱英語考試綜合類A級閱讀材料匯總)

　　蒸桑拿對皮膚也有好處。它可以促進(jìn)皮膚的血液循環(huán)和出汗。在這個(gè)過程中，成年人一般每小時(shí)要蒸發(fā)2磅的水。出汗可以清除毛孔中的污垢，使皮膚變得光潔。失水只是暫時(shí)性的，人體機(jī)能能夠很快補(bǔ)充合適的水量。在熱氣交換的過程中，心臟跳動得更快，這就使心血管系統(tǒng)也得到了鍛煉，蒸桑拿浴時(shí)的心率能從原來的平均每分鐘72下，增加到100~150下。

　　健康的心臟可以承受這種變化，而那些心臟病患者在蒸桑拿浴之前應(yīng)該先征求醫(yī)生的建議。同樣的，老年人和糖尿病患者也應(yīng)如此。孕婦則不能蒸桑拿浴，尤其是懷孕的頭三個(gè)月。其實(shí)，每個(gè)人在剛開始嘗試桑拿浴時(shí)都應(yīng)該先是短時(shí)間的，直到適應(yīng)了這種沐浴方式。

　　Sauna

　　Ceremonial bathing has existed for thousands of years and has many forms, one of which is the sauna. The Finns have perfected the steam bath, or sauna, which may be taken, usually in an enclosed room, by pouring water over hot rocks or as dry heat bath. The Japanese, Greeks, Turks and Russians as well as Native Americans have forms of the sweat bath in their bathing rituals. Dry heat and steam baths had advocates in ancient Rome and pre-Columbian Americans used sweat lodges.

　　The earliest saunas were probably underground caves heated by a fire that naturally filled with smoke as chimney making was unknown at that time. a fire kept in a fire-pit would heat the rock walls of the cave. After reaching full heat, the smoke was let out of the cave and the stones would retain heat for several hours. A few people today say that the smoke sauna, “svusauna”, is the only true sauna experience and that all saunas should have at least a background odor or smoke. Today most saunas use electric stoves, although gas and wood-burning stoves are available.

　　Saunas are relaxing and stress relieving. Those with muscle aches or arthritis may find that the heat relaxes muscles and relieves pain and inflammation. Asthma patients find that the heat enlarges air passageways of the lung and facilitates breathing. Saunas do not cure the common cold but they may help to alleviate congestion and speed recovery time. The body’s core temperature usually rises a 1-2 degrees while in the sauna, thus imitating a slight fever. The regular use of a sauna may decrease the likelihood of getting a cold in the first place.

　　Sauna is goof for your skin as the blood flow to the skin increases and sweating occurs. Adults sweat about 2 lbs of water per hour on average in a sauna. A good sweat removes dirt and grime from pores and gives the skin a healthy glow. The loss in water weight is temporary as the body’s physiological mechanisms will quickly restore proper volumes. The cardiovascular system gets work out as the heart must pump harder and faster to move blood to the surface for heat exchange. Heart rate may increase from 72 beats per minute on average to 100-150 beats per minute.

　　A normal heart can handle these stresses but those with heart trouble wishing to begin to use a sauna should seek a doctor’s advice. The elderly and those with diabetes should check with their doctor prior to beginning to take saunas. Pregnant women should not take saunas, particularly in the first three months. Indeed, everyone just starting out should take short sessions at first to become accustomed to this type of bath.

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