2019上半年翻譯資格考試中級筆譯沖刺試題八

英譯漢

Impacts of Climatic Changes on Livestock: A Canadian Perspective

There are more than 90,000 livestock operations in Canada, which accounted for more than $17 billion in farm cash receipts in 20001.Despite the economic importance of livestock operations to Canada2, relatively few studies have examined how they could be impacted by climate change. 3

Temperature is generally considered to be4 the most important bioclimatic factor for livestock. Warmer temperatures are expected to present both benefits and challenges to livestock operations. Benefits would be particularly evident during winter, when 5 warmer weather lowers feed requirements, increases survival of the young, and reduces energy costs. Challenges would increase during the summer, however, when heat waves can kill animals. For example, large numbers of chicken deaths are commonly reported in the United States during heat waves. 6 Heat stress also adversely affects milk production, meat quality and dairy cow reproduction. In addition, warmer summer temperatures have been shown to suppress appetites in livestock and hence reduce weight gain. For example, a study conducted in Appalachia found that a 5︒C increase in mean summer temperature7 caused a l0% decrease in cow, calf and dairy operations.

Provided there is adequate moisture, warmer temperatures and elevated CO2 concentrations are generally expected to increase growth rates in grasslands and pastures. 8 It is estimated that a doubling of9 atmospheric CO2 would increase grassland productivity by an average of 17%, with greater increases projected for colder regions and moisture-limited grassland systems. However, study results tend to vary greatly with location, and changes in species composition may affect the actual impacts10 on livestock grazing. For instance, studies have noted future climate changes, particularly extreme events, may promote the invasion of alien species into grasslands, which could reduce the nutritional quality of the grass.

An increase in severe moisture deficits due to drought may require producers to reduce their stock of grazing cattle to preserve their land, as exemplified by the drought of 2001 when many Prairie producers had to cull their herds. For the 2002 season, it was predicted that many pastures would be unable to support any grazing, while others would be reduced to 20-300/o of normal herd capacity.

There is relatively little literature available on the impacts of extreme climate events on livestock. Nevertheless, storms, blizzards and droughts are an important concern for livestock operations. In addition to the direct effects on animals, storms may result in power outages that can devastate farms that are heavily dependent upon electricity for daily operations. This was exemplified by" the 1998 ice storm in eastern Ontario and southern Quebec, when the lack of power left many dairy farms unable to use their milking machines. This threatened the health of the cows (due to potential mastitis) and caused significant revenue losses. Milk revenue was also lost through the inability to store the milk at the proper temperature.12 Furthermore, the lack of electricity made it difficult to provide adequate barn ventilation and heating, thereby making the animals more susceptible to illness.

詞匯

1.cash receipts現(xiàn)金收入

2.bioclimatic factor生物氣候因素

3.heat wave/heat stress熱浪

4.C02 concentration二氧化碳濃度

5.grassland/pasture/prairie草原，草地，草場

6.grazing放牧

7.cull揀選，剔除

8.herd capacity放牧能力

9.mastitis乳突炎

10.revenue收入

注釋

1.本句中which引導的定話從句補充說明加拿大家畜業(yè)的收入情況，漢譯時不必譯為前置定語，可獨立譯為一句，更符合漢語習慣：加拿大有9萬多家家畜企業(yè)，2000年現(xiàn)金收入超過170億美元。

2.此處為despite介詞詞組做狀語，漢譯時需譯成句子。漢譯時，一般英語的狀語都可譯作漢語的一個分句，更符合漢語習慣。此外，英語以名詞為勝，經(jīng)常使用名詞、名詞詞組和介詞詞組，而漢語則以動詞為勝，本句就又是一例。

3.表述之前已提到內容時，英語常用代詞、助動詞、近義詞等替代，漢語則常采用重復的手段。這里的they指代之前的Livestock operations，漢譯時應將they譯為“家畜業(yè)”，而不能簡單地用“它們”對應。關于替代與重復這一技巧請參見本單元的Skills of Translation.

4.科技英語中大量使用被動結構，以使內容更具客觀性。然而漢語被動結構使用并不廣泛，所以漢譯時一般需轉為主動，故此句譯為：“對家畜而言，氣溫通常是最為重要的生物氣候因素。”

5.此句中when引導的定語從句具有狀語功能，漢譯時可將其譯作狀語從句，使用關聯(lián)詞“因為”表明上下文關系。下句講夏季溫度上升的風險時，也使用了when，兩者情況相似。

6. large numbers of chicken deaths are commonly reported in the United States during heat waves本句顯然不能機械地譯作“在美國熱浪時期，大量小雞死亡通常被報道”，不妨將動詞report化作名詞，將名詞heat waves化為主謂詞組，譯為“熱浪來襲時，美國經(jīng)常有大批小雞死亡的報道”，更符合漢語習慣。

7.mean summer temperature意為“夏季平均氣溫”。此處mean的意思為居于兩端中間的、平均的，相似例子有，mean moisture(平均濕度)、mean price(財務、證券交易經(jīng)紀人買進賣出的平均價格)、Greenwich Mean Time(格林尼治時間)等。

8.此句又為被動句，翻譯技巧同注釋4。這里的grasslands和pastures分別為“草場”和“草原”，不能籠統(tǒng)地都譯為“草地”。

9.a doubling of可譯為“翻一番”、“兩倍”、“增長一倍”等，這里的英文表達方式很值得借鑒。科技文獻中表示倍數(shù)、增減等概念的數(shù)字較多，并有多種表達方法，翻譯時應弄清確切含義，選擇合適的表達方法。倍數(shù)的譯法請參見本單元的Skills of Translation。

10.原文中the actual impact on livestock grazing翻譯時需根據(jù)上下文補充“氣候變化”

譯為“氣候變化對家畜放牧的實際影響”，使之完整，前后連貫。

11.奉文中多次舉例，使用for example，for instance，as exemplified by，be exemplified by等表達方式，漢譯一般譯作“例如”、“比如”。不妨多積累些表示舉例的英語表達方法，在漢譯英時即可游刃有余。

12.Milk revenue was also lost through the inability to store the milk at the proper temperature本句結果在前，原因在后，漢譯時可按“先因后果”的漢語邏輯習慣調整語序，譯為：牛奶無法在合適的溫度下存放也導致了收入的減少。

參考譯文

氣候變化對家畜的影響——加拿大的視角

加拿大有9萬多家家畜企業(yè)，2000年現(xiàn)金收入超過170億美元。家畜業(yè)對加拿大經(jīng)濟舉足輕重，但是，有關氣候變化對家畜業(yè)影響的研究卻相對不足。

對家畜而言，氣溫通常是最為重要的生物氣候因素。溫度較高對家畜業(yè)既有益處，也有風險。這種益處在冬季尤為明顯，因為溫度較高，就會降低家畜飼養(yǎng)要求，提高幼畜存活幾率，節(jié)約能源成本。然而在夏季，溫度上升的風險就會凸現(xiàn)，熱浪可能置牲畜于死地。例如，熱浪來襲時，美國經(jīng)常有大批小雞死亡的報道。熱浪對牛奶生產(chǎn)、肉制品質量以及奶牛繁殖也很不利。另外，研究表明，夏季氣溫較高會抑止家畜的食欲，從而影響其體重增長。

如阿巴拉契亞地區(qū)的一項研究表明，夏季平均氣溫上升5攝氏度，會導致奶牛、肉牛和奶制品產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)值減少10%。

假設濕度適宜，較高的氣溫和二氧化碳濃度通常會提高草場和草原的生長率。據(jù)估計，大氣中二氧化碳濃度翻一番，草場產(chǎn)量就會平均增長17 010，在較冷的地區(qū)和濕度較低的草場上增長率更高。然而，研究結果地區(qū)差異很大，而物種構成的變化，也會使氣候變化對家畜放牧的實際影響有所不同。比如，多項研究指出，未來氣候變化，尤其是極端氣候情況的出現(xiàn)，會助長外來物種侵入草場，從而降低草的營養(yǎng)價值。

干旱引起的濕度虧欠增加，會迫使牧場主減少牲畜存欄數(shù)，以保護草場。2001年的干旱就迫使許多草原牧場主大量宰殺病弱牲畜。2002年曾有人預言，許多草原將不再能放牧，而其他草原的正常放牧能力也將下降20-30%。

雖然有關極端氣候事件對家畜影響的現(xiàn)有文獻相對較少，但毫無疑問，暴風雨、暴風雪和干旱是影響家畜業(yè)的重要因素。除了對牲畜的直接影響外，暴風雨會導致電力供應中斷。

那些高度依賴電力的農(nóng)場的日常運作，將受到嚴重影響。例如，1998年安大略省東部和魁北克南部遭受暴風雪時，許多產(chǎn)奶場因缺電無法使用擠奶機器，從而威脅奶牛的健康(因為可能導致乳突炎)，并對農(nóng)戶收入造成嚴重損失。牛奶無法在合適的溫度下存放也導致了銷售收入的減少。此外，缺電還容易導致谷倉通風不暢，供暖不足，使奶牛易于患病。

練習

1.The Canadian government has reduced its subsidies to the agricultural industry, making it necessary for farmers to introduce more profitable crops and more livestock production, which is generally more profitable.

2.Mechanization, increasing capitalization, and corporate organization became characteristic of American farming in the twentieth century.

3.Wheat is the single most important crop in Canada, and the Prairie Provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan form one of the greatest wheat-growing areas of the world, producing more than one-fifth of the world's supply.

4.Recent outbreaks of devastating diseases around the world (including mad cow disease, foot and mouth disease and bird flu) and concerns over bioterrorism reinforce the low-risk, science- based approach to quarantine and biosecurity policy.

5.FAO's work to promote rural development and achieve food security is integral to our efforts to attain sustainable development in its social, economic and environmental aspects, within the overarching framework of United Nations System activities. Rural and agricultural development should be an integral part of national and international development policies.

6.The British Isles are surrounded by comparatively shallow seas which are rich fishing-grounds, and the British fishing industry is one of the most important in the world.

7.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool, the second largest exporter of meat, the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar, dairy products, fruits, cotton and rice.

8.Scientific methods of farming, including development of sturdy, disease-resistant hybrid seeds and the use of machines, are responsible for the production increase.

9.Scientists today are giving more attention to environmental concerns by helping small farmers and farmers working on barely productive lands.

10.Twenty years ago, and in the face of growing populations and food shortages in South Asia, India and Pakistan launched the " Green Revolution" by introducing highly productive varieties of wheat and rice, and employing new methods in the use of more and better chemical fertilizers, improved irrigation, and pesticides.

答案

1.由于加拿大政府降低了對農(nóng)業(yè)的補貼，迫使農(nóng)戶引進經(jīng)濟效益更好的作物和通常收益較高的家畜。

2.機械化、資本額增長和合作組織成為20世紀美國農(nóng)業(yè)的特點。

3.小麥是加拿大最重要的作物。艾伯塔、馬尼托巴、薩斯喀徹溫等省份草原遍布，是全世界最大的小麥種植區(qū)之一，產(chǎn)量超過全球的五分之一。

4.最近全球多種疫情肆虞(包括瘋牛病、口蹄疫和禽流感)，生物恐怖主義威脅加重，迫使加強檢疫和生物安全政策中采納科學的低風險措施。

5.糧農(nóng)組織為促進農(nóng)村發(fā)展和實現(xiàn)糧食安全而開展工作，這是我們在聯(lián)合國系統(tǒng)總的活動范圍內，努力實現(xiàn)社會、經(jīng)濟和環(huán)境方面可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要組成部分。農(nóng)村和農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展應當成為國家和國際發(fā)展政策不可分割的部分。

6.不列顛諸島被淺海包圍，漁業(yè)資源豐富。英國捕魚業(yè)在世界上占有重要地位。

7.澳大利亞羊毛出口居世界第一，肉類第二，小麥第三;還是主要的蔗糖、奶制品、水果、棉花和水稻出口國。

8.產(chǎn)量增長的根本原因在于科學種田法，它包括培植強壯抗病雜交種子和使用機械進行耕作。

9.今天科學家更加注重環(huán)境，常常幫助小農(nóng)戶和在貧瘠土地上耕作的農(nóng)戶。

10.20年前，南亞面臨人口增長食物短缺的危機，印度和巴基斯坦啟動了“綠色革命”，引進各種高產(chǎn)小麥和水稻，采用新方法，增加優(yōu)質化肥的使用，改進灌溉和殺蟲劑。