No one doubts the value of confidence. In fact, research shows people often prefer confidence over actual expertise。
自信的價(jià)值毋庸置疑。事實(shí)上，研究顯示人們看重自信更甚于實(shí)際能力。
G. Richard Shell teaches at the Wharton School and his book Springboard: Launching Your Personal Search for Success, out in paperback this week, has a great chapter on how to be more confident。
理查·謝爾現(xiàn)任教于沃頓商學(xué)院[微博]，他著作的《跳板：?jiǎn)?dòng)你的個(gè)人成功搜索》一書的平裝版于本周與讀者見面，書中有很精彩的一章內(nèi)容是關(guān)于如何變得更加自信。
Here’s what you need to know。
以下是大家需要知道的。
1. Surround Yourself With People Who Believe in You
1. 和相信你的人一起
I’ve posted a lot about how the power of context can improve behavior. And people are a part of that。
我發(fā)過(guò)很多關(guān)于環(huán)境的力量如何提升行為的論述。而人，也是這環(huán)境的一部分。
When you’re told you’re good by someone you respect, you believe it. Partially it’s a placebo effect. But that’s perfectly fine。
當(dāng)你尊敬的人告訴你你很棒的時(shí)候，你會(huì)相信他。部分地講，這也是一種安慰效應(yīng)。但這種感覺真的很棒。
This creates a self-fulfilling prophecy. When you believe you can do it, you work harder. When others believe in you, they push you harder。
這就創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的預(yù)言。當(dāng)你相信自己可以的時(shí)候，你會(huì)更加努力。當(dāng)別人相信你的時(shí)候，他們會(huì)更盡力地推動(dòng)你前進(jìn)。
Together, these things make you do better — so you have a reason to be confident. And then next time, confidence comes easier。
所有因素一起作用都會(huì)讓你做得更好—所以你有理由變得自信。然后下一次，自信來(lái)得更加容易。
Via Springboard: Launching Your Personal Search for Success:
以下來(lái)自于《跳板：?jiǎn)?dòng)你的個(gè)人成功搜索》：
The phenomenon of transferred expectations, also called a “self-fulfilling prophecy,” occurs for a combination of two reasons. The person holding the expectation treats the other person differently, giving him or her more challenging work to do. This leads to more learning. At the same time, the person receiving the suggestion accepts it as an accurate assessment of his or her ability, and that in turn increases the level of effort the person gives。
期望傳遞，也被稱為“自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的預(yù)言”。這種現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生是由兩個(gè)原因共同引起的。心懷期望的人對(duì)待其他人的方式是不同的，他會(huì)給其他人更有挑戰(zhàn)性的工作，從而讓人可以學(xué)到更多。與此同時(shí)，接受工作建議的人會(huì)將這看作對(duì)自己能力的準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估，反過(guò)來(lái)也會(huì)付出更多努力。
The lesson here is plain: you should understand the power of being in a high-performing/ high-expectation social environment versus a low-performing/ low-expectation one. Your social setting can strongly affect what you believe is possible— and that will affect your confidence, the effort you expend, and the results you achieve。
其中的道理很直白：要懂得高表現(xiàn)/高期望的環(huán)境與低表現(xiàn)、低期望相比所能賦予的能量。你所處的社交環(huán)境會(huì)很強(qiáng)烈地影響你的信念—而信念會(huì)影響你的自信，你付出的努力，和你獲得的成果。
2. Focus On Learning
2. 專注于成長(zhǎng)
When you focus on learning, failure is just a part of the process and won’t shake your confidence。
當(dāng)你集中注意力在學(xué)習(xí)上時(shí)，失敗只是過(guò)程的一部分，不會(huì)動(dòng)搖你的自信。
Tests are not a gauge of self-worth or unchangeable, innate ability. They’re a measure of how much improvement you’ve made。
測(cè)試不是對(duì)自我價(jià)值或者固有天賦的評(píng)估，而是對(duì)你的進(jìn)步的估量。
Building on the research of Carol Dweck, you want to have a “growth mindset”： Measure yourself by effort, not by results。
根據(jù)卡羅爾·德偉克的研究，你需要有一個(gè)“成長(zhǎng)的心態(tài)”：用付出去評(píng)估自己，而不是用結(jié)果。
Via Springboard: Launching Your Personal Search for Success:
以下來(lái)自于《跳板：?jiǎn)?dòng)你的個(gè)人成功搜索》：
…repeated experiments have demonstrated the value of praising effort rather than innate talent. If you are praised by others in the right way, this can lead you to praise yourself based on your genuine effort when you accomplish something significant and discount comments about the role of your natural ability. You should ignore any result— good or bad— that comes after you put in only a halfhearted effort. And you should be proud of any result that follows hard work— even when the result is not what you had hoped…。
諸多實(shí)驗(yàn)反復(fù)證實(shí)了肯定付出的努力而不是天賦這一做法的價(jià)值。如果其他人以正確的方式表?yè)P(yáng)你，這也會(huì)引導(dǎo)你在有了重大成就的時(shí)候肯定自己真實(shí)的努力，更少地去在乎他人對(duì)于你的天賦所起作用的評(píng)價(jià)。如果只是三心二意地付出了，那么你應(yīng)該忽略由此帶來(lái)的任何結(jié)果—無(wú)論是好是壞。而且對(duì)于努力付出后的任何結(jié)果，哪怕不是當(dāng)初所希望的……你都應(yīng)該為之自豪。
3. Create A Ritual
3. 開創(chuàng)讓自己進(jìn)入狀態(tài)的儀式
What gets you in the zone? What gets you feeling ready? A cup of coffee? Preparation and review? Playing a game on your phone?
什么能讓你進(jìn)入狀態(tài)?什么能讓你準(zhǔn)備就緒?一杯咖啡?準(zhǔn)備和回顧?手機(jī)上玩?zhèn)�游戲?
Recent research from Harvard professors Michael Norton and Francesca Gino shows that rituals have the power to make you more confident。
哈佛教授邁克爾·諾頓和弗蘭切斯卡·吉諾的近期研究顯示：固定的儀式有讓人更加自信的力量。
Francesca explained in my interview with her:
弗蘭切斯卡在我對(duì)她的采訪中解釋到：
What we studied in this project was whether these rituals are really of beneficial effect in terms of bringing you confidence and potentially impacting your performance positively. That is actually what we found. What is interesting about the studies is that we also have physiological measures. What we find is that if you engage in a ritual prior to a potentially high anxiety task, like singing in public or solving difficult math problems, you end up being calmer by the time you approach the task, and more confident in what you’re about to do. As a result of that, you actually perform better。
